Q2 What are energy stores?

Q2 What are energy stores?
Q1 What is a system? Q2 What are energy stores? Q3 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object is thrown upwards Q4 Describe the energy changes that happen when a moving object hits an obstacle Q5 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object is accelerated by a constant force. Eg a car Q6 Describe the energy changes that happen when an object slows down Eg a car Q7 Describe the energy changes that happen when bringing a kettle to boil Q8 What is the equation for kinetic energy? ( include the units) Q9 What is the formula for the energy stored in a spring? Include Units Q10 What is the formula for Gravitational potential energy? Units

A7 Electrical Energy transfers into thermal energy
A2 you can think of them being like buckets that energy can be poured in to or out of A1 An object or a group of objects A4 The kinetic energy of the object transfers into the object’s Thermal energy and sound stores A3 Chemical potential energy in someone is transferred into Kinetic energy of the arm and then KE of the object. This KE transfers into the Gravitational potential energy Store. A6 Kinetic energy gets transferred into thermal energy in the brakes and then the surroundings A5 Energy in the Chemical potential energy store is transferred into the Kinetic energy store and thermal energy store . Eventually all of this gets transferred as thermal energy A8 Ek= ½ mass x velocity2 Joules Kg m/s A7 Electrical Energy transfers into thermal energy A10 Ep = mass x gravitational x height field strength J Kg m/s m A9 Ee = ½ x spring constant x extension2 Joules N/m m

Q11 Define Specific Heat Capacity?
Q12 What is the formula we use for problems with specific heat capacity? Units Q13 What is the unit for SHC? Q14 Describe / Draw the equipment used to determine SHC Q15 Describe the steps used to determine SHC in this practical Q16 What is the formula for electrical power Q17 What are the sources of error in the SHC practical? Q18 What are the dangers of the SHC practical? Q19 How do you calculate the energy transferred to the block in the SHC practical? Q20 What does SHC stand for?

A12 A11 SHC is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1oC A14 A13 Joules/KgoC A16 Power = Potential difference x Current Watts Volts Amps A15 Measure mass of block Insulate the block Measure the starting temperature Turn on the power supply Heat for 10 minutes Record the potential difference, current – these should not change and final temperature A18 Being burnt by the heater Danger of electrocution. Use a low voltage (12V supply) A17 Poor insulation allowing heat to escape Not giving time to allow the block’s heat to spread throughout the block so that an accurate temperature is measured Poor contact between the thermometer and the block ( solved by putting a little water in the hole for the thermometer) A20 Specific Heat capacity A19 Energy = power x time Joules Watts seconds

Q21 Give three formulae for Power
Q22 What is 1 Watt? Q23 What is the good scientific word for energy spreading out? Q24 What do we mean by a closed system? Q25 What is the law of conservation of Energy? Q26 How can you reduce unwanted energy transfers in machines? Q27How can you reduce unwanted energy transfers in a home? Q28 If a material has higher thermal conductivity what does this mean? Q29 How does heat travel in solids? Q30 How does heat travel in liquids and gases?

A22 A24 A23 A26 A25 A28 A27 A30 Convection A29 Conduction
1 joule per second 1 J/s A21 Power = Voltage x current Power = Work Done/ time Power = Energy transferred / time A24 Systems where neither matter nor energy can enter or leave A23 Dissipate A26 Lubrication – reduces friction which reduces losses due to frictional heating A25 Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be dissipated A28 It means heat goes through it more quickly A27 A30 Convection A29 Conduction

Q31 What happens to heat energy that is put into any substance?
Q32 How does conduction work? Q33 Why does conduction happen more frequently in solids rather than liquids or gasses? Q34 What do we call materials with low thermal conductivity? Q35 In what way are the particles in a solid different from those in liquids and gasses Q36 How does convection work? Q37 How does cavity wall insulation work? Q38 How does loft insulation work Q39 how does double glazing work? Q40 Required practical – Investigating reducing energy transfers. What are the control variables in this investigation?

A32 A31 The energy goes into the kinetic energy stores of all the particles causing them to vibrate more or move faster A34 Insulators A33 Because the particles in solids are much more closely packed , they are more likely to collide into each other than in solids and gasses A36 Gasses are heated , they expand, they become less dense, they rise. When they cool, they contract, become denser and fall A35 The particles are the same but in solids they vibrate, in liquids & gasses they move freely A38 It traps pockets of air and stops heat loss by convection. Fibre glass is also an poor conductor A37 It traps pockets of air and stops heat loss by convection. Fibre glass is also an poor conductor A40 Same volume of liquid Same starting temperature Same shaped container A39 Two sheets of glass trap air which reduces heat loss by conduction

Give two equations for Efficiency Q42 HIGHER
How can you make energy transfers more efficient Q43 Power input = 100W Power output = 70W What is the efficiency? Q44 Why is 0.8 the same as 80%? Q45 Are there any units for efficiency? Why? Q46 What do we mean by A renewable energy source? Q47 Examples of non renewable energy sources Q48 Examples of renewable energy sources Q49 What are most energy sources used for? Q50 Which type of resource turns the Sun’s radiation straight into electrical energy?

A42 A41 A44 A43 0.7 or 70% A46 A50 Solar A49 A47 Transport Heating
Using lubricants, insulation or streamlining A41 A44 The words per cent mean divide by 100. 80% = 80/100 = 0.8 A43 0.7 or 70% A46 They will never run out. They are replaced at the same rate at which they are used A45 There are no units Because to work out efficiency you divide Joules by Joules OR watts by Watts. So the units cancel. A48 Wind Tides Solar Bio Fuel Water Waves Hydro-electricity Geothermal A47 Coal Oil Natural gas Nuclear fuels – uranium and plutonium A50 Solar A49 Transport Heating Generating electricity

Q51 What energy source takes heat from the earth’s rocks to boil water, drive turbines and make electricity? Q52 What are the advantages & disadvantages of wind power? Q53 What are the advantages & disadvantages of solar power? Q54 What are the disadvantages and advantages of geothermal power? Q55 What are the advantages & disadvantages of tidal power? Q56 What are the disadvantages and advantages of hydro electric power? Q57 What are the advantages & disadvantages of wave power? Q58 What are the disadvantages and advantages of biofuel power? Q59 What are the advantages & disadvantages of fossil fuels? Q60 What are the disadvantages and advantages of Nuclear power?

A52 A51 A59 A54 Adv – renewable, produces hot water for homes too
Adv – Renewable, Can be built at sea and generates a fair amount of electricity, lots of wind in UK Disadv – Weather dependent, Some people think they spoil the landscape, you need about 1000 to replace one coal power station A51 Geothermal Energy A54 Adv – renewable, produces hot water for homes too Disadv – only practical in areas with volcanic activity A53 Adv – Renewable, Disadv – weather dependent, not so great for UK, better in lower latitudes A56 Adv – generates lots of power, reliable, renewable Disadv – floods lots of land, A55 Adv generates lots of power 4 times a day, quite expensive to build Disadv – alters ecosystems, turbine blades can be damaged by sediments A58 Adv – carbon neutral, can run vehicles on it Disadv – uses up land that could be used to grow food. Makes food more expensive A57 Adv – reliable, all year round, renewable Disadv – can be damaged by storms, hazard to shipping A60 Adv – lots of power, reliable Disadv – expensive to set up, potential for nuclear accidents A59 Adv – lots of energy, cheap, can be transported to where needed Disadv – produces greenhouse gasses and acid rain. Non remewable

Q61 What are these? Q62 What is this? Q63 What is this? Q64 What is this? Q65 What is this? Q66 What is this? Q67 What is this? Q68 What is this? Q69 What is an electric current? Q70 What formula links charge and current? Units

Light Dependent Resistor
A62 Variable resistor A61 Cell and battery A64 Thermistor A63 Fuse A66 Diode A65 Resistor A68 Light Dependent Resistor LDR A67 Light Emitting Diode LED A70 Charge = Current x time Q = I t Coulombs = Amps Seconds A69 A flow of charge

Q72 Which way does the current flow in a circuit?
Q71 How do you measure the current through and potential difference across a component? Q72 Which way does the current flow in a circuit? Q73 What is strange about the way current flows? Q74 What is potential difference? What is it’s abbreviation? What is it’s unit? Q75 What is resistance? What is the unit? Q76 What is the formula for resistance? Q77 What does it mean if we say a component is ohmic? Q78 Draw the equipment to investigate what effect length has on resistance? Q79 Draw a graph showing the effect of length of wire on resistance Q80 What do we mean by the I-V characteristics of a component?

A72 From the positive terminal to the negative terminal A71
Potential difference is the driving force that pushes the charge around. p.d Volt A73 Whilst we say current goes from + to -, we discovered later nothing really goes that way. In fact electrons go from – to +. But we pretend the current goes from +to - A76 Resistance = p d ÷ current Ohms = Volts amps Use V= IR (VIRUS) A75 Anything that reduces the flow of current Ohm A78 A77 It obeys Ohm’s law. ie its resistance does not change as the current increases A80 How the current changes as the voltage is increased across a component A79

Q85 What sort of circuit is this? Q86 What sort of circuit is this?
What is the I-V characteristic for an ohmic conductor? What does the gradient show? Q82 What is the I-V characteristic for a filament lamp? Q83 What is the I-V characteristic for a diode? Q84 Which way does the current flow through a diode? Q85 What sort of circuit is this? Q86 What sort of circuit is this? Q87 What is the general formula for p.d. in a series circuit? Q88 What happens to the current in a series circuit? Q89 How do you calculate the total resistance in a series circuit? Q90 How do you connect ammeters to a circuit?

A82 A81 A84 A83 A86 Parallel Circuit A85 Series circuit A88 A87 A90
The current is the same all the way round the circuit A87 A90 Ammeters are placed in series A89

What happens to the current in a parallel circuit?
Q91 Q92 What happens to the current in a parallel circuit? What is the Voltage across X, Y & Z? Q93 Q94 What is the Voltage at V1 V2 & V3 Assume 3 identical bulbs What is the total resistance here? Why? Q95 How are Voltmeters attached to a circuit? Q96 Draw a graph to show What happens to the resistance if you keep adding resistors in series? Q97 Draw a graph to show What happens to the resistance if you keep adding resistors in parallel? Q98 Draw a graph to show what happens to the resistance of an LDR as the light level increases Q99 Draw a graph to show what happens to the resistance of a Thermistor as the temperature increases Q100 What are LDRs and thermistors used for?

6V – as each bulb has it’s own supply to the battery
Less than 4 ohms. Because the 6 ohms and 8 ohm paths are still paths which the current can go along. So the current has more possible paths to travel so the resistance is less A93 V1 = 0.75V V2 = 0.75V V3 = 1.5V A96 A95 Always in parallel with the component you are measuring A98 A97 A100 A99 As sensors in sensor circuits

Q101 Q102 Q103 A buzzer is put across V2. When would it go off ? Why?
What is wrong with this circuit? Q103 Q104 What do a.c. & d.c mean? What is the resistance? What sort of relationship is this? Q105 What frequency & voltage is mains electricity in the UK? Q106 Draw an oscilloscope trace of ac & dc. Q107 What is a 3 core cable and what are the names and colours of the wires? Q108 What pd does the live wire have? Q109 What pd does the neutral wire have? Q110 What pd does the earth wire have?

A102 The ammeter is incorrectly connected in parallel
A102 The ammeter is incorrectly connected in parallel. It should be in series A101 When the temperature gets cold Because the thermistor’s resistance is high when cold, so most of the supply pd is dropped across V2 A103 R = V/I = 5 /1 = 5 ohms Linear & directly proportional (Straight line that goes through 0,0) A104 a.c. – alternating current d.c. - direct current A106 A105 Frequency is 50Hertz & 230 V ac A108 230V ac ( so it alternates between + 230V to -230V) A107 A mains cable with 3 insulated wires in it Live is brown Neutral is blue Earth is yellow & green A110 Zero Volts A109 Close to 0 V

Q111 Which wire is connected to the metal case of a device at one end and the ground at the other?
Which wire only carries current when something goes wrong? How long does it carry the current for? Q113 What type of component must always be connected in series? Q114 Why are parallel circuits more useful than series circuits in homes? Q115 How is energy wasted when electric charge flows through a circuit Q116 A kettle is rated at 2000W. It is on for 2 minutes. How much energy does it transfer? Q117 4 Coulombs of charge passes a point and transfers 24J of energy. What was the potential difference? Q118 A current of 2 A flows through a 40W lamp. What was the resistance? Q119 What does a transformer do? Q120 Why do we have transformers in the national grid?

A116 Use Power = Energy/time P=E/t E= Pt Energy = 40W x 2 x 60 = 4800J
A111 earth wire A112 Earth wire Until the fuse blows. If current goes through the earth wire, it means there is a short circuit somewhere. A huge current then flows to the earth and blows the fuse on the live wire A114 If one part of the circuit is turned off / broken , the other branches of the circuit still work A113 Ammeter A116 Use Power = Energy/time P=E/t E= Pt Energy = 40W x 2 x 60 = 4800J Remember to turn 2 mins into 120 seconds A115 In the form of thermal energy A118 Use P = I2R Power = current2 x resistance R= P/I2 R = 40 / 22 R = 10 ohms A117 Use V= E/Q PD = Energy/ charge PD = 24/4 PD = 6V A120 The voltage is raised to lower the current. This means there is less energy lost as heat during transmission A119 Raise or lower the voltage of a current. This then lowers or raises the current.

Q121 What does each label represent?
Q122 State two times of the day when the demand for electricity will be high Q123 What happens to the current when you raise the voltage with a transformer? Q124 What three formulas can be used to work out the power of an electrical device? Q125 Why do you become electrocuted if you touch the live wire? Q126 What does the national grid do to make sure there is enough electrical power available all day everyday? Q128 State whether the following will attract or repel or do nothing Two positively charged balloons Two negatively charged balloons One positive and one negative balloon Q127 How do some insulators become positively charged when rubbed against other insulators? Q129 A balloon with a negative charge will be attracted to a neutrally charged wall. Why? Q130 What is an electrical field?

Around evening mealtime A121 power station Step up transformer Cables
A122 Around breakfast Around evening mealtime A121 power station Step up transformer Cables Step down transformer Home A124 P=E/t P=VI P= I2R A123 The current lowers A126 It keeps some stations on all the time (Base load) It plans the day ahead and gives time to get some power stations warmed up beforehand. It has available HEP & pump storage power stations which can be turned on quickly to deal with surges A125 Your body is at 0 volts. The live is at 230V so current flows into and through you A128 Repel Attract A127 Electrons are transferred between the insulators. The object that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. The object that had a net loss of electrons becomes positively charged A130 an area where any charged particle would experience a force A129 The balloon will repel the electrons in the wall. The wall becomes positively charged and the the negative balloon is attracted to the wall

Q131 Which direction do field lines point?
Q132 Draw the electric field around an isolated positive charge Q134 Explain why this leads to an even distribution of paint on the car. Q133 Draw the field around an isolated negative charge Q135 What is the symbol for density? Q136 What is the equation for density? Triangle? Q137 How are the particles arranged in solids ? Q138 How are the particles arranged in a liquid ? Q139 How are the particles arranged in a gas ? Q140 What piece of equipment would you use to measure the volume of an irregular object?

ρ - rho A132 A131 from + to - A133 A134 A136 A135 A138 A137
The paint droplets all have a positive charge – This causes them to spread out. The negatively charged car attracts the pain – even to the underside of the car A136 A135 ρ - rho A138 Particles free to move Particles close together Weaker bonds Particles have more energy than in solids Particles move randomly A137 Regular lattice Strong Bonds Fixed positions Vibrating A140 A Eureka can A139 Particles move quickly Particles have more energy V.v. weak bonds between them Travel in random directions

Q141 What do we mean by internal energy?
Q142 What do we mean by a change of state? Q144 What do we call it when a solid turns into a gas? Q143 What do we call it when a gas turns into a liquid? Q145 What do we call it when a liquid turns into a gas? Q146 Draw a graph showing what happens to the temperature of water as it is heated from ice to water to water vapour. Q147 What is happening during the flat bits of this chart? Q148 What is happening during the sloped sections of this graph? Q149 Does a change of state conserve mass? Explain why Q150 What do we mean by Specific Latent Heat?

A142 when a substance changes between being a solid, liquid, or gas.
A141 The sum of all the kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles in the system A143 condensation A144 sublimation A146 A145 evaporation or boiling A148 The heat energy being transferred is being used to increase the kinetic energy store of the particles therefore raising the temperature of the substance A147 Heat energy is being used to break the bonds Bonds between particles and the substance is changing state A150 The amount of energy it takes to change the state of 1Kg of a substance A149 Yes mass is conserved, because you still have the same number of particles – but they will be spread out differently

Q151What is the difference between specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation ? Q152 What is the equation featuring Specific latent heat of fusion? Triangle. Q154 What causes gas pressure? Q153 What is temperature? Q155 A balloon of volume 1000cm3 at pressure 1 atm floats up the atmosphere until it’s pressure is 0.4 atm. What will the volume of the balloon be? What equation will you use? Q156 p1V1 = p2V2 only works if what happens? Q157 Higher tier A bike pump is used to pump air into a tyre. The tyre gets warmer. Why? Q158 Atoms were previously thought of as tiny balls of matter that could not be split. What discovery changed this idea? Q159 What model of the atom was made after the discovery of the electron? Describe it Q160 What experiment led to making the plum pudding model redundant?

As long as the temperature of the gas stays the same (CONSTANT)
SLH of fusion is the energy released/needed per kg for the solid liquid phase change SLH of vaporisation is the energy released/needed per kg for the liquid gas phase change A153 a measure of the average kinetic energy stores of the particles in a system. A154 As the gas particles move around they rebound of the walls of the container holding them. These cause little forces on the container. Pressure = force/area A156 As long as the temperature of the gas stays the same (CONSTANT) A155 Use p1V1 = p2V2 1 x = 0.4 x V2 = V2 A158 The discovery of the electron which was smaller than the atom and was seen to come from atoms A157 You are doing WORK on the gas. As you press the pump in you hit each gas particle and raise its kinetic energy store and therefore raise the temperature A160 The alpha particle scattering experiment A159 Plum pudding model

Q161 Describe the method of the alpha particle scattering experiment
Q162 Describe the observations of the alpha particle scattering experiment Q164 What 3 particle make up the atom. What are their charges and masses? Q163 Describe the outcomes of the alpha particle scattering experiment Q165 What does Atomic number mean Q166 What does Mass number mean? Q167 How many protons, neutrons and electrons does this atom have? 7 Li 3 Q168 What is the size of the atom? And the nucleus? Q169 What is an isotope? Q170 What is an ion?

The number of protons an atom of this element has
99% of alpha particles went straight though Some were deflected by small angles About 1 in 8000 alpha particles bounced almost straight back A161 Alpha particles fired at a thin gold sheet in a vacuum Alpha particles detected as little flashes on a screen looked at through a microscope. Microscope is able to be moved to almost 360 around the gold sheet A163 The fact that most went straight through suggests the atom is mostly empty space The fact that 1/8000 alpha particles bounce back suggests that there is a very small but very dense object in the atom (the Nucleus) This nucleus must be positive in order to deflect positive alpha particles A164 A166 The total number of protons and neutrons that an atom of this element has A165 The number of protons an atom of this element has A168 Atom diameter ≈ m Nucleus diameter ≈ m A167 Protons – 3 Neutrons – 4 Electrons - 3 A170 An atom with a charge – normally because they have gained extra electrons or lost electrons A169 Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

Q171 What do we mean by radioactive decay?
Q172 What can radioactive atoms emit? Q174 What is a beta particle? Q173 What is alpha particle made of? Q175 How are beta particles made? Q176 What is a gamma ray? Q177 Draw a diagram to show what the penetration ability of alpha, beta and gamma Q178 Complete this Nuclear equation to show alpha decay 238 U  Th He 92 Q179 Complete this nuclear equation to show beta decay 14 C  N β 6 Q180 How can you change the rate of radioactive decay?

(Basically a helium nucleus) A174
Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays Neutrons A171 When an unstable atom (an atom that has too much energy) becomes more stable by emitting radiation A173 2 protons & 2 neutrons (Basically a helium nucleus) A174 A fast moving electron thrown out from the nucleus of an atom A176 An electromagnetic wave released from nucleus of an unstable atom A175 When a nucleus changes one of its neutrons into a proton and an electron – The electron gets thrown out at high speed A178 U  Th He Make sure the top row adds up 238=234+4 And makes sure the bottom row adds up too! A177 A180 You cannot. Radioactive decay is entirely random and is not affected by any physical or chemical change. A179 C  N β Make sure the top row adds up 14=14+0 And makes sure the bottom row adds up too! 6=7+-1

Q181 What did Niels Bohr come up as an improvement to Rutherford’s Nuclear model of the atom?
Q182 What did Chadwick discover to improve the model of the atom further? Q184 What do we mean by “activity” What are the units of activity? Q183 The alpha scattering experiment led to Rutherford coming up with a new model of the atom. What was it? Q185 Which radioactive decay leads to a loss of mass for the atom? Q186 Which radioactive decays lead to a change in charge of the nucleus? Q187 What is meant by half life? Q188 What is the half life here? Q189 What is the activity after 3 half lives? Q190 How much of a sample will be left after 4 half lives?

He discovered the neutron
A182 He discovered the neutron A181 he proposed the electrons existed in shells orbiting the nucleus. Note - no neutrons A183 Note no shells or neutrons A184 How many emissions a radioactive sample gives out per second Unit - Becquerel A186 Alpha loses two protons -2 Beta gains a proton 1+ A185 Alpha radiation - as the nucleus loses two protons and 2 neutrons A seconds A187 The time it takes for the activity of a sample to fall by half OR The time it takes for the number of nuclei of a radioactive isotope to fall to half it’s original level A190 – 1 half life = ½ left 2 half lives = ¼ left 3 half lives = 1/8th left 4 half lives = 1/16th left A Bq 3 half lives

Q191 What is the difference between radioactive contamination and irradiation?
Q192 How do we protect ourselves from irradiation? Q194 Which types of radiation are most dangerous outside your body, why? Q193 How do you protect yourself from contamination Q195 Which Type of radiation is most dangerous if breathed in or ingested? Why? Q196 What is background radiation? Where does it come from? Q198 What sort of half life would you want in a radioactive tracer ( a chemical put inside your body to see how your “plumbing “ works) Why? Q197 What does the term radiation dose mean? What is it measured in? Q199 How is nuclear radiation used in medicine? Q200 End of paper 1

By keeping samples stored away from humans when not in use
Storing samples in lead boxes Using sources at arms length or using remote controlled arms A191 Contamination is when unwanted radioactive materials get onto another material Irradiation is when you are exposed to radiation A193 Wearing gloves Using remote controlled arms Using forceps Wearing masks to avoid breathing in radioactive dust A194 Beta and Gamma. Because they can get through the skin and radiate the organs A196 Radiation that is around us all the time. Background radiation comes from Air Rocks Space Nuclear accidents and weapons Some medical equipment & nuclear plants A195 Alpha, because they damage a very localised area, eg gut lining or lung lining A198 One with a short half life. You don’t want people to be radioactive for longer than is necessary. A197 How much radiation a body has absorbed Sieverts and milli sieverts A200 End of paper 1 A199 As tracers To kill cancers & tumours

Q2 What are energy stores?

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