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Improvements in Farming
Iron Plow The use of the Iron plow made farming easier and increased food production The Horse Collar and iron horse shoes allowed farmers to use horses rather than oxen to plow fields Horses were faster and more efficient
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Improvements in Farming
The Three Field System Increased food production and made soil more fertile
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Trade Improves Rise of trading centers Italy in southern Europe
Genoa and Venice Flanders in Northern Europe
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Trade Improves Trade Fairs Took place in towns where trade routes met
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Trade Improves The Hanseatic League
Association of Germanic cities to protect economic interests Protected traders from piracy
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Trade Improves Improvements in trade led to Commercial Revolution
Increased use of currency Banking and investment increases Rise of Capitalism Economic system where business is owned privately to make a profit Competition is a key component
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Growth of Towns Trading centers and Trade Fairs led to the birth of towns Walled and protected near the manor King or lord granted charter Setup the rights and privileges of a town People governed and defended the town
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Growth of Towns Many serfs left the manors and moved into towns/cities
Could be free in cities if they hid from their lord for a year and one day Increased populations in towns Towns were often overcrowded and dirty Led to a decline in feudalism
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Closure Identify one way that farming improved during the Middle Ages
What were trade guilds?
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2/26 Focus: During the High Middle Ages, European society became more stable and made cultural gains in the areas of art, literature, and architecture Do Now: Identify one effect that the renewal of trade had on Western Europe
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Trade Guilds Association of businesses and craftsmen
Set prices for goods, wages, and standards for quality Apprentices worked for 3-11 years under a master Strangers had to pay a toll to the guilds to sell their products in a town Guilds took care of widows and children of deceased members
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Results of Trade Improvements
Commercial Revolution Growth of middle class New jobs titles Bankers, manufacturers, craftsmen Rise of national kingdoms
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Revival of Learning The University
Increased the flow of Greek learning into Europe Goal of attending universities was often to get a job in government or with the Church Helped to create a new educated class
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Literature Literacy began to increase in Europe after 1200 AD.
Coincided with growth of cities Authors began writing in the language of their countries rather than just Latin
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Literature Epics and Romances were long poems that tell a story Epics
Often related to war and heroes The Song of Roland Romances Love stories and chivalry King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable
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Literature The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
Collection of stories about a group of pilgrims from various social groups Provide a description of life in the middle ages
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Philosophy Thomas Aquinas Studied the works of Greek philosophers
Aristotle Attempted to use logic and reason to prove Christian teachings and prove the existence of God Scholasticism
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Architecture Gothic Architecture used to build churches
Used high spires and flying buttresses Replaced Roman style of arches and domes
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Architecture The flying buttress allowed churches to be built much taller and larger window Supported walls from the outside Allowed for higher ceilings and large stained glass windows Eliminated the need for columns
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Illumination The process of decorating a written manuscript with pictures or designs Often used in religious text
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Tapestries Large wool wall coverings that depicted life in the Middle Ages
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Closure Identify one example of medieval literature.
Identify the architectural style that developed in Europe during the High Middle Ages. What were trade guilds?
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