1. Plants
Chapters 14

2. THREE Types of Plants 1. Seeded, Vascular (Tissued) Plants
Most plants
Angiosperms (flowering plants/trees)
Monocots and dicots
Gymnosperms (non-flowering plants)
conifers
2. Seedless, Vascular Plants
Ferns
3. Seedless, Non-Vascular Plants
Mosses
Lichens, algae, fungi are NOT plants

3. Flowers and Seeds
How Reproduction in Plants Occurs

4. Photoperiodism
Short-day plants bloom when the daytime is shorter than nighttime
Long-day plants flower only when the days are long
Ex. Irises will bloom only when they can get more than 12 hours of daylight
Neutral-day plants are not affected by hours of daylight

5. Flowering Plants Plants flower to produce seeds
Seeds may be matured in fruits first
Flowers and fruits are the result of good growth
Flowering plants/trees are called angiosperms
Annual plants flower (produce seeds) once and then die
Perennial plants flower (produce seeds) each year

7. Parts of a Flower
Flowers consist of petals and sepals which aid in protection and attracting pollinators
The stamen is the male reproductive part (anther and filament) which produces the pollen
The pistil is the female reproductive part (stigma, style, and ovary) which will produce mature seeds when fertilized with the pollen
Pollen has the male sex cell
Ovules have the female sex cell

8. Flower Diagram

9. Pollination The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Insects, hummingbirds, bees, rain, and wind all aid in pollination by disturbing and carrying it somewhere else
Pollen sinks down the stigma and hits the ovary
Fertilization of the small ovules occurs, and they grow/become true seeds
Seeds must then be shaken free and planted to form new plants

10. Seed Dispersal Methods
Wind
Rain, Water
Animals walking/ excreting
People walking, using equipment

11. Germination
Germination occurs when a seed is planted in good conditions, and begins to sprout. To start growing, planted seeds need:
Moisture
Warmth
Safety
Later on they will need:
Light
Nutrients from Dirt

12. Seed Parts Seeds have three parts:
The tiny, embryonic plant
The cotyledon, the stored food for the embryo
The seed coat which protects it
Monocots have one stored packet (leaves with parallel veins; flowers with petals in multiples of 3)
Dicots have two (leaves with branching veins; flowers with petals in multiples of 4/5)

14. Gymnosperms
Some plants called gymnosperms produce seeds in other ways (not flowers)
Their seeds are not covered (i.e. in a fruit or flower) but are exposed
Conifers are evergreen plants which produce cones instead of flowers
Not all gymnosperms are evergreens, but many are

15. More About Plant Reproduction

16. Alternation of Generations
Alternation of Generations: a form of reproduction that all plants exhibit
One complete reproductive cycle has two parts: a sexual component (with eggs and sperm) and an asexual component (with spores)

17. Alternation of Generations

18. Seedless Non-Vascular Plants
Non-vascular plants cannot produce seeds or grow very tall without xylem/phloem fibers: i.e. mosses

19. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns and horsetails reproduce mainly by spores, not seeds
They have vascular tissues and can grow to large sizes

20. Asexual Reproduction
There are a few methods of asexual reproduction in plants, which mostly must be done by humans under careful cultivation
Runners/stolons and small plantlets
Spider plants
Strawberry plants
Grafting: Root sprouts, leaf cuttings, stem cuttings, buds
Potato buds
Rose stem/root clippings
Tulip bulb buds