1. Girvan and Newman (Girvan and Newman,02; 04)
Girvan and Newman (Girvan and Newman,02; 04). Edges deleted based on a measures of edge betweeness:
Computation of the edge betweeness for all edges;
Removal of edge with largest betweeness: in case of ties with other edges, one is picked at random;
Recalculation of betweeness on the running graph;
Iteration of the cycle from step 2.
Girvan and Newman used 3 alternative definitions: geodesic edge betweenness, random-walk and current-flow.
Edge betweenness is the number of shortest paths (geodesics) between all vertex pairs that run along the edge. 1 2 4 3 6 G2 7 5
key
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
3,7
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
4,7
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5
5,6
5,7
6,1
6,2
6,3
6,4
6,5
6,6
6,7
7,1
7,2
7,3
7,4
7,5
7,6
7,7 E 1
SP2 1
SP3 1
SPPC 4 c 1 5
While constructing Shortest Path pTrees, SP2…, record the Shortest Path Participation Count of each edge (SPPC).
The edge(s) with max SPPC should be the best candidates for removal?
Delete (1,6) and do over. ct 1 E ct
SP2 ct 2 3 4 5 6 7
SP3 ct
SP gives the connectivity component partition:
CC(1)={1,2,3,4} 0plex since EdgeCt=12= 2*COMBO(4,2)
CC(5)={5,6,7} 1plex since EdgeCt=4=2*(COMBO(3,2)-1) SP ct
SPPC ct E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TODO (this week):
Reusing the SPPC numbers for subsequent rounds?
Call SPPC “Edge Betweeness” or EB.
Fore and Aft pTrees? 1
SP2 ct 2 3 4 5 6 7
SP3 1 ct 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
SP=SP1 | SP2 | SP3 ct 2 3 4 5 6 7
SP gives connectivity comp partition: CC(1) = {1}List(SP(1) = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} is a 12plex since EdgeCt=9=COMBO(7,2)-12 4 c
SPPC 1 2 3 5 6 7 ct

2. GN: Compute all edge betweenesses (SPPCs)
Remove edge with largest betweeness
Recalc betweenesses; Repeat.
1,1
Ekey
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5 E 1
SPPC 4
G1_2 1 2 3 4 5
G1_2 1 2 3 4 5
Ekey
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4 E 1
G1_1 2 3 4 S 1 P 2 3 4
1,1
Ekey
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5 E 1
SPPC 5 4
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5 G1 1 2 3 4 1 S P 2 3 4
null
nul S 1 P 2 4 3 5 S 1 P 2 3 4 5
SPPC 3 2 4 1
null
nul
Ekey
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4 E 1
SPPC 1 2 3
nul 2 S P 1 3 S 2 P 4 1
133 S 2 P 3 4 1 S 2 P 4 3 1 2 S P 1 3 4 5 2 S P 1 3 5 4
Check SPPC(34)=SPPC(43)
(verify SPs backwards from hk get counted.)
(34)E so ct=1
+ CountS2P(34)=1
+ CountS2P(43)=1 so ct=3
+ CtS3P(34g)=0
+ CtS3P(g34)=1, g=1 ct=4
GN says delete (3,4)!
GN says delete any edge! 2 S P 1
2Pkey
1,1,1
1,1,2
1,1,3
1,1,4
1,2,1
1,2,2
1,2,3
1,2,4
1,3,1
1,3,2
1,3,3
1,3,4
1,4,1
1,4,2
1,4,3
1,4,4
2,1,1
2,1,2
2,1,3
2,1,4
2,2,1
2,2,2
2,2,3
2,2,4
2,3,1
2,3,2
2,3,3
2,3,4
2,4,1
2,4,2
2,4,3
2,4,4
3,1,1
3,1,2
3,1,3
3,1,4
3,2,1
3,2,2
3,2,3
3,2,4
3,3,1
3,3,2
3,3,3
3,3,4
3,4,1
3,4,2
3,4,3
3,4,4
4,1,1
4,1,2
4,1,3
4,1,4
4,2,1
4,2,2
4,2,3
4,2,4
4,3,1
4,3,2
4,3,3
4,3,4
4,4,1
4,4,2
4,4,3
4,4,4 2 P 1 3 S P 1 4 S 3 P 2 4 1 S 3 P 1 2 5 4
GN says
delete
12 | 25
| 34 | 36
G1_4 1 2 3 4 5 6
To construct SPPC(hk) =SPPC(kh) (Shortest Path Participation Count)
if (hk)E count 1
+ OneCountS2P(hk)
+ OneCountS2P(kh)
+ OneCountS3P(hkg)
+ OneCountS3P(ghk), g
+ OneCountS4P(hkfm)
+ OneCountS4P(fhkm)
+ OneCountS4P(fmhk)
f,m. Etc.
GN: delete
12 | 23 | 25
not 34, 45 1 S P 2 3 4 5 6
Ekey
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
3,6
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,6
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5
5,6
6,1
6,2
6,3
6,4
6,5
6,6 E 1
G1_4 2 3 4 5 6
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5
G1_4 1 2 3 4 5 6
not 23, 16, 45
SPPC 7 5 6 4
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5 2 S P 1 3 5 4 6
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5
SPPC recalculation and repeat steps? Anyone see a shortcut? Or do we just start the calculation over on the reduced graph?
Do the pointers help? Since in
S2P(hk) one has to search out S2P(kh) and in
S3P(hk) one has to find all S3P(hkg) snf D3P(ghk) g
In the appendix I begin work on uniquely representing shortest k paths using both a fore and aft pTree.
Consider that in G1_4 S3P(16)=2.
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5
Notes:
If any OneCount=0, no subsequence exist.
It might be useful to use ptrs to make this proc easier.
GN edge betweenness specifies pruning (2,4) S 3 P 1 2 5 4 6
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5

3. G7 To construct SPPC(hk) if (hk)E count 1 + OneCountS2P(hk)E 1 EB 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
To construct SPPC(hk)
if (hk)E count 1
+ OneCountS2P(hk)
+ OneCountS2P(kh)
+ OneCountS3P(hkg)
+ OneCountS3P(ghk)
+ OneCountS4P(hkfm)
+ OneCountS4P(fhkm)
+ OneCountS4P(fmhk)
10,25,26,28,29, 31 33,34 not shown (only 17 on, 8 only 27 turned on 1
SP4
=4dg
15,16,19,21,23,24,27,30 only 17 on, 5deg=1
17 SP5
8=5dg G7 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 9 8

4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 Delete (1,2) And {3,6,8} and do over.1 E ct 1 E ct 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 G5
Delete (1,2)
And {3,6,8}
and do over. 1
SP2 ct
SP2 ct 1
SP3 ct 1 SP ct
SP gives connectivity comp partition: CC(1)={1,5,7} is a 0plex since EdgeCt=3=COMBO(3,2)-0.
CC(2)={2,4} is a 0plex since EdgeCt=1=COMBO(2,2)-0.
SP4 ct 1 2 SP ct
SP gives connectivity comp partition: CC(1)={1,2,4,5,7} is a 5plex since EdgeCt=5=COMBO(5,2)-5. CC(3)={3,6,8} is a 0plex since EdgeCt=3=COMBO(3,2)-0 6 3 4 1
SPPC (Shortest Path Participation Counts) ct

5. CC(9)={9 a b c} is a 3plex since EdgeCt=3=COMBO(4,2)-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g
SP6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 b a 9 c d e g f 4 1
SP2 1 2 4 3 6 5 8 7 9 a c b d f e g
SP gives connectivity comp partition: CC(1)={ } is a 20plex since EdgeCt=8=COMBO(8,2)-20.
CC(9)={9 a b c} is a plex since EdgeCt=3=COMBO(4,2)-3
CC(d)={d f g} is a plex since EdgeCt=3=COMBO(3,2) CC( e)={e}
SPPC 1 g f 2 7 3 4 5 6 8 9 a b c d e E 1 5 6 7 2 3 4 8
SP2 all pure0 SP 1 5 6 7 2 3 4 8
SP3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g
SP gives connect comps: CC(1)={1}, CC(5)={5 6 7}
Is a 0plex since EdgeCt34=COMBO(3,2)-0
Done!
Delete (1,3) (SPPC=16 max) and delete {d f g}, {e} and do over.
Also delete {9 a b c} as a 4VetexHubSpoke3plex.
SP4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SP2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SP3 all pure0 SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SP gives connect comps: CC(1)={ } 2plex EdgeCt=4=COMBO(4,2)-2.
CC(2)={ } is a 3plex since Ect=3=COMB(4,2)-3 (a 4VertexHubSpoke)
SP5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g G6 1 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 9 a b c d e f g
SPPC (Shortest Path Participation Counts) 1 3 2 4 5 6 7 8
Delete{ } 4VHubSpoke3plex, (1,6)

6. 1 E E SP SP SP SP
wt V#>
2 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
WeightSum
Nbrs
Nbrs
If ( WtSum>=-20 & Nbr(1) ) then 1 else 0.
wt V#>
2 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
-1 SP
WeightSum
Nbrs
Nbrs
select their communities with a threshold on the weighted sum (=-20) giving the light green “1community” and black “34community (overlapping). Next, excise those and iterate.
When all are in a community probably do a k means reshuffle to improve?
This is an Agglomerative Method based on weighted sum of SPk counts to identify 1 and 34 as centers. Then among their individual nbrs, 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9
Using weights of 0,1,2,4,6 for SP1,2,3,4,5 resp.
wt V#>
0 SP
1 SP
2 SP
4 SP
6 SP
WeightSum
SP1|2(17)
Iterate again on the remaining
Using weights of5,5,1,1,0 for SP1,2,3,4,5 resp.
wt V#>
5 SP
5 SP
1 SP
1 SP
0 SP
WeightSum
SP1|2(8)
SP1|2(33)
This method uses site betweeness, not edge betweenenss (SPPC not computed) but gives a good overlapping clustering (close to the author’s). One could attempt a few kMeans rounds to try to improve it.
10,25,26,28,29, 31 33,34 not shown (only 17 on, 8 only 27 turned on 1
SP4
=4dg
15,16,19,21,23,24,27,30 only 17 on, 5deg=1
17 SP5
8=5dg G7 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 9 8

7. APPENDIX To extend to PT:
Edge, E, Path(PT), ShortestPathv(SPT), AcyclicPath(APT) Trees and CycleList(CL) of G1 G1 1 2 3 4
E2key
1,1,3
1,1,2
1,1,1
1,2,1
1,1,4
1,2,3
1,2,2
1,3,1
1,2,4
1,3,4
1,3,3
1,3,2
1,4,2
1,4,1
1,4,4
1,4,3
2,1,1
2,1,2
2,1,4
2,1,3
2,2,1
2,2,3
2,2,2
2,3,1
2,2,4
2,3,3
2,3,2
2,3,4
2,4,2
2,4,1
2,4,4
2,4,3
3,1,2
3,1,1
3,1,4
3,1,3
3,2,1
3,2,3
3,2,2
3,3,1
3,2,4
3,3,3
3,3,2
3,4,2
3,4,1
3,3,4
3,4,4
3,4,3
4,1,2
4,1,1
4,2,1
4,1,4
4,1,3
4,2,3
4,2,2
4,3,1
4,2,4
4,3,2
4,3,3
4,4,2
4,4,1
4,3,4
4,4,4
4,4,3
PE2 1
PE3 1 ,
E3key
1,1,1
1,1,4
1,1,3
1,1,2
1,2,1
1,2,4
1,2,3
1,2,2
1,3,1
1,3,4
1,3,3
1,3,2
1,4,1
1,4,4
1,4,3
1,4,2
2,1,1
2,1,4
2,1,3
2,1,2
2,2,1
2,2,4
2,2,3
2,2,2
2,3,1
2,3,4
2,3,3
2,3,2
2,4,2
2,4,1
3,1,1
2,4,4
2,4,3
3,1,2
3,2,1
3,1,4
3,1,3
3,2,2
3,3,1
3,2,4
3,2,3
3,3,2
3,4,1
3,3,4
3,3,3
3,4,2
4,1,1
3,4,4
3,4,3
4,1,2
4,2,1
4,1,4
4,1,3
4,2,2
4,3,1
4,2,4
4,2,3
4,3,2
4,4,1
4,3,4
4,3,3
4,4,3
4,4,2
4,4,4 2 3 4
(pred is NotPureZero) First, construct stride=|V|, 2-level Edge pTree, all others are constructed concurrently from it.
E1 key
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,3
2,1
2,3
2,2
2,4
3,1
3,3
3,2
3,4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
PE1 1
E one-level 1 2 3 4
2LEG1
E 2-lev stri=|V|=4
PTG1, extension of EG1 1 2 3 4
PTG1
APTG1 1 2 3 4
All are 3 hop cycles. Each has 3 start pts , 2 directions. Each repeat 6 times. 6/6=1 3hop cycles (1341)
SPTG1
1111 1 2 3 4
CLG1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2
1341
1431
3413
3143
4134
4314
SPTG1, init E1=SP1,1 E2=SP2,1 E3=SP3,1 E4=SP4,1 1 2 3 4
SPSFk 1 3 1 4 2 4 1 3 1 3 4 1 4 1 4 3 1 1 3 1 4 2 4 1 3 1 3 4 1 4 1 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 4 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 4 1 3 4 3 4 1 2 4 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 3 3 1 4 1 3 4
SPT is completed. For Big Graphs, could stop here (e.g., Friends has ~1B vertices but a diameter of 4, so we would only need to build PT 4-hop paths) and possible expressed as a tree of lists rather than a tree of bitmaps. For sparse BigGraphs, E could be leveled further and/or a tree of lists (then APT, SPT will be also). SPT(G)k (with k turned on) is mask (>0 is “yes”) for connectivity comp, COMP(G)kvk. For bitmap of COMPk bitslicing SPT (SPTk,h..SPTk,0 k=1..|V| then COMPk  ORj=h..0SPTk,h. SPT structure may be useful as separate “categorical” bitmaps  Shortest Path Length (SPk,h h=1..H. Also keep a mask of Shortest Paths so far, SPSFk  vertex, k. With each new SP bitmap, SPB, SPSFkSPSFk | SPB, SPk,h+1  SPB & SPSFk.
kListPT3hij PT4hijk=Ek after zeroing i and j bits of Ek
To extend to PT:
kListEh PT2hk=Ek after zeroing the h bit of Ek
kListPT2hj PT3hjk=Ek after zeroing Ek j bit.
E PT SPT APT of graph as predicate Trees on E(MaxPathLength).
PTG1 E3
pred=(NPZ)|(PZ&AcyclicPathEnd) 1 2 3 4
1,2
1,1
key
1,3
1,4
2,1
2,2
2,4
2,3
3,1
3,3
3,2
3,4
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
EG1
E 1lev, pred=NPZ
E 2lev str=4 pred=NPZ
APTG1 E3predicate = (NPZ&NotCycleEnd)|
(PZ&AcyclicPathEnd)
SP1,1
SP2,1
SP3,1
SP4,1
SP1,2
SP2,2
SPVertex=3, Len=2 12
SP1,1|2
SP2,1|2
SP3,1|2
SP4,1|2
SPTgives the Connectivity Component Partition; Maximal Cliques (go across SPk,1 then look within subsets of those k’s for commonality); Note, Cliques are 0-plexes. Each mask, SPk,1 masks a 1-plex. Each SPk,1&SPk,2 masks a 2-plex (which is SPSFk,2? So if we save each SPSF instead of overwriting, we have k-plex masks w/o further work?), etc. Next construct predicates for each Path related data structures, PT APT SPT SPSF, to make them into pTrees on a k-path table, E, E2, E3, …

8. SG Clique Mining
1,2
1,1
key
1,3
1,5
1,4
1,7
1,6
2,2
2,1
2,3
2,5
2,4
2,7
2,6
3,2
3,1
3,4
3,3
3,5
3,7
3,6
4,2
4,1
4,4
4,3
4,7
4,6
4,5
5,2
5,1
5,4
5,3
5,6
5,5
5,7
6,2
6,1
6,4
6,3
6,6
6,5
7,1
6,7
7,2
7,4
7,3
7,6
7,5
7,7 PE 1 2 4 3 7 6 G3 5
K=2: 2Cliques (2 vertices): Find endpts of each edges (Int((n-1)/7)+1, Mod(n-1,7) +1) 1 2 4 3 6 G2 7 5
key
1,1
1,3
1,2
1,5
1,4
1,6
2,1
1,7
2,3
2,2
2,5
2,4
2,6
2,7
3,1
3,3
3,2
3,5
3,4
3,7
3,6
4,1
4,3
4,2
4,5
4,4
4,7
4,6
5,2
5,1
5,3
5,5
5,4
5,7
5,6
6,2
6,1
6,3
6,4
6,6
6,5
6,7
7,2
7,1
7,3
7,4
7,6
7,5
7,7 E 1 EU 1 1 2 4 3 6 5 8 7 10 9 20 30 40 C 1 CU 1 6
k=3:
k=4: 1234 ( are cliques)
123,134  ,134 , 234 ,2341234.
1234 only 4-clique
Using the EdgeCount thm: on C={1,2,3,4}, CU=C&EU C is a clique since ct(CU)=comb(4, 2)=4!/2!2!=6
have 124CS3
PE(1,4)=1
134CS3
Have 123CS3
PE(2,3)=1
234CS3
Have
k=2: E=
already
have 567
PE(2,3)=1
So 123CS3
PE(2,4)=1
124CS3
PE(2,6)=0
PE(6,7)=1
567CS3
PE(1,7)=0
PE(1,5)=0
PE(2,4)=1 1234CS4
Have 1234
k=3:
EC, requires counting 1’s in mask pTree of each Subgraph (or candidate Clique, if take the time to generate the CCSs – but then clearly the fastest way to finish up is simply to lookup the single bit position in E, i.e., use EC).
EdgeCount Algorithm (EC): |PUC| = (k+1)!/(k-1)!2! then CCCS
The SG alg only needs Edge Mask pTree, E, and a fast way to find those pairs of subgraphs in CSk that share k-1 vertices (then check E to see if the two different kth vertices are an edge in G. Again this is a standard part of the Apriori ARM algorithm and has therefore been optimized and engineered ad infinitum!)
PE(2,3)=1
234CS3
PE(1,4)=1
134CS3
Have
PE(4,8)=1
248CS3
key
1,1
1,3
1,2
1,5
1,4
1,7
1,6
2,2
2,1
1,8
2,4
2,3
2,5
2,6
2,8
2,7
3,1
3,3
3,2
3,5
3,4
3,7
3,6
3,8
4,2
4,1
4,4
4,3
4,6
4,5
4,8
4,7
5,3
5,2
5,1
5,5
5,4
5,7
5,6
6,1
5,8
6,3
6,2
6,4
6,6
6,5
6,8
6,7
7,3
7,2
7,1
7,5
7,4
7,6
7,7
8.1
7,8
8,2
8,4
8,3
8,6
8,5
8.8
8,7 E 1
PE(4,8)=1
348CS3
PE(4,8)=1
12348CS5
have
have
k=2:
k=4:
PE(2,3)=1
123CS3
PE(2,4)=1
124CS3
PE(2,8)=1
128CS3
PE(2,6)=0
PE(3,8)=1
138CS3
PE(4,8)=1
148CS3
PE(1,5)=0
PE(1,7)=0
PE(6,8)=0
PE(3,8)=1
238CS3
have
PE(6,7)=1
567CS3
have
k=5: = CS5. 1 2 4 3 6 G4 7 5 8
PE(3,8)=1
1238CS4
PE(4,8)=1
1248CS4
PE(3,8)=1
1348CS4
k=3:
Have
PE(2,4)=1
1234CS4
PE(4,8)=1
2348CS4

9. The EdgepTree(E), PathTree(PT), ShortestPathvTree(SPT), AcyclicPathTree(APT) and CycleList(CL) of a graph, G5 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7
PTG5 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1
EG5 2-level str=8 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 1 2 1 5 1 7 2 1 3 6 1 3 8 1 4 2 1 5 1 5 7 1 6 3 1 6 8 1 7 1 7 5 1 8 3 1 8 6 1 1 5 7 1 7 5 5 1 2 7 1 2 3 8 6 1 3 6 8 1 1 2 4 5 1 2 5 1 7 5 7 1 3 6 8 1 8 6 3 1 7 1 2 7 1 5 1 5 7 8 6 3 1 8 3 6 1 4 2 5 1 4 2 7 1 7 5 2 1
APTG5
CLG5
1571 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1
1751
3683
3863
5175 1 2 1 5 1 7 2 1 3 6 1 3 8 1 4 2 1 5 1 5 7 1 6 3 1 6 8 1 7 1 7 5 1 8 3 1 8 6 1
5715
6386
6836
7157
7517 2 1 5 2 1 7 4 2 1 5 1 2 2 1 7 7 5 1
8368
8638
PT Clique Miner Algorithm A clique is all cycles Extend to a k-plex (k-core) mining algorithm?
PT(=APT+CL), SPT are powerful datamining tools with closure properties (to eliminate branches) .
SPTG5 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 3 4 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 5 1 5 1 2 6 1 7 1 2 7 1 7 1 2 3 8 1
Max clique Mining A kCycle is a kClique iff it’s found in CLk as PERM(k-1,k-1)/2=(k-1)!/2 kCycles
(e.g., vertices are repeated in CL for 3cycles, 2!/2=1; 4cycles, 3!/2=3; 5cycles, 4!/2=12; 6cycles, 5!/2=60. 4 1 2 5 4 1 2 7 7 1 5 2
Downward closure: Once, a 4cycle is established as a 4clique (by the fact that {1,2,3,4} occurs 3!/2=3 times in CL), all 3vertex subsets are 3cliques {1,2,3},{1,2,4},{1,3,4}, so no need to check further.
k-plex (missing  k edges) mining alg?
k-core (has  k edges) mining alg?
Density (internal edge density >> external|avg) mining alg?
Degree (internal vertex degree >> external|avg) mining alg?
DiameterG5 is max{Diameterk} = max{ 2,2,1,3,2,1,3,1}=3. Connected comp containing V1, COMP1={1,2,4,5,7}. Pick 1st vertex not in COMP1,3, COMP3 ={3,6,8}. Done. The partition is { {1,2,4,5,7}, {3,6,8} }. To pick the first vertex not in COMP1, mask off COMP1 with SPTv1’ and then pick the first vertex in this complement.

10. cycles in blue (not in APT)
SP1
SP1&2 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e f 1 g 1 1 3 2 4 6 5 8 7 a 9 c b d f e g
E=A1Ps 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e f 1 g 1 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 9 b a c f e d g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g 4 1
cycles in blue (not in APT)
A2Ps 1 2 4 3 6 5 8 7 a 9 c b d f e g
SP2
SP1&2&3 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 4 4 1 5 1 5 6 6 1 7 7 1 8 8 1 9 1 9 a 1 a b 1 b c d e f g 1 2 4 3 6 5 8 7 9 a c b d f e g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g 1 3 1 6 2 4 1 3 1 3 4 1 4 3 1 5 6 1 5 7 1 6 1 6 5 1 6 7 1 7 5 1 7 6 1 8 4 1 9 c 1 A c 1 b c 1 D f 1 D g 1 F d 1 F g 1 G d 1 G f 1
SP3
SP1&2&3&4 4 3 1 1 6 5 1 6 7 4 2 3 1 3 1 6 4 3 1 1 6 5 5 7 6 1 5 6 7 1 7 5 6 1 6 1 3 5 6 7 1 7 6 5 1 5 7 6 1 7 6 5 1 1 6 7 6 7 5 1 8 3 4 1 F D g 1 D f G 1 D F g 1 G F d 1 D G f 1 G d F 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 4 1 4 5 5 1 6 1 6 7 7 1 8 1 8 9 a b c d e f g 1 2 4 3 6 5 8 7 9 a c b d f e g 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g
A3Ps 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 b a 9 c d e g f
SP4
SP1&2&3&4&5 COMPLETE
A4Ps 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 b a c d e g f
A5Ps 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 9 b a c d f e g
A6Ps 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 a 9 c b e d g f 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 4 5 1 5 6 1 6 7 7 1 8 8 1 9 a b c d e f g 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 a 9 c b e d g f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g 2 3 4 6 1 5 2 4 1 3 3 1 5 6 3 1 7 6 4 3 6 1 5 6 3 1 5 7 1 6 6 1 4 3 7 5 1 6 7 6 3 1 8 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 6 4 6 1 3 5 4 3 6 1 7 5 6 3 1 4 5 7 1 6 3 7 6 5 3 1 7 3 1 6 4 8 4 1 3 6 4 2 1 3 7 6 7 5 1 6 4 3 5 7 1 6 4 3 4 8 1 3 5 6 8 3 4 6 1 7
SP5
SP6 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 5 1 6 7 7 1 8 8 1 9 a b c d e f g 1 3 2 4 7 6 5 8 a 9 c b e d g f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f g 1 3 2 4 7 6 5 8 a 9 c b e d g f G6 1 2 4 3 6 7 5 8 9 a b c d e f g

11. All Shortest Path pTrees for a unipartite undirected graph, G7 (SP1, SP2, SP3, SP4, SP5)
SP1
=1deg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SP2
=2dg
10,25,26,28,29,33,34 not shown (only 17 on, 1=4dg) 1
SP4
=4dg
15,16,19,21,23,24,27,30 only 17 on, 5deg=1
17 SP5
8=5dg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SP3
=3dg G7

12. G8 Trying Hamming Similarity to detect communities on G7 and G8 40 41
Zachary's karate club, a standard benchmark in community detection. (best partition found by optimizing modularity of Newman and Girvan)
=1deg
=2deg
=3deg
=4deg
=5deg
Hamming similarity: S(S1,S2)=DegkDif(S1,S2)
To produce an [all?] actual shortest path[s] between x and y: Thm: To produce a [all?]:
S2P[s], take a [all?] middle vertex[es], x1, from SP1x & SP1y, produce: xx1y;
S3P[s], take a [all?] vertex[es], x1, from SP1x and a [all?] vertex[es], x2, from S2P(x1,y): xx1x2y etc.
Is it productive to actually produce (one time) a tree of [all?] shortest paths? I think it is not! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 14 20 17 15 16 24 30 27 18 39 28 42
Can
see
that
this
Works
Poorly
At 1. 17 25 2 24 18 1 14 3 7
Not working!
On the other hand,
our standard
community mining
techniques (for kplexes)
worked well on G7.
Next slide let’s
try Hamming on G8. G7
Deg b a g b 2 b f 9 f d
Deg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 40 41 42 46 44 53 48 54 52 45 43 39 38 20 21 24 47 23 22 19 25 36 18 37 35 27 26 28 29 31 32 33 30 51 50 34 49 G8

13. G9 G9, Agglomerative clustering of ESP2 using Hamming Similarity
In ESP2, using Hamming similarity, we get three Event
clusters, clustering events iff pTrees [Hamming] identical:
EventCluster1={1,2,3,4,5}
EventCluster2={6,7,8,9}
EventCluster3={10,11,12,13,14} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 W
ESP E
WSP W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 E
The Degree % of affiliation of Women with R,G,B events is:
R G B
1 100% 75% 0%
% 75% 0%
% 100% 0%
% 75% 0%
5 60% 25% 0%
% 50% 0%
% 75% 0%
% 75% 0%
% 75% 0%
% 75% 20%
11 0% 50% 40%
12 0% 50% 80%
13 0% 75% 80%
14 0% 75% 100%
15 0% 50% 60%
16 0% 50% 0%
17 0% 25% 20%
18 0% 25% 20% W 1
e e e e
ESP E 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 E
WSP W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 W G9
ESP3=ESP1’ and ESP4=ESP2’ so again, in this case, all
info is already available in ESP1 and ESP2 (all shortest
paths are of length 1 or 2). We don’t need ESPk k>2)
WSP W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 E
WSP3=WSP1’ and WSP4=WSP2’ so, in this case, all information is already available in WSP1 and WSP2 (All shortest paths are of length 1 or 2) (We don’t need WSPk k>2)
Clustering Women using Degree% RGB affiliation:
WomenClusterR={1,2,4,5}
WomanClusterG={3,6,7,8,9,10,11,16,17,18}
WomanClsuterB={12,13,14,15}
This clustering seems fairly close to the authors.
Other methods are possible and if another method puts event6 with 12345, then everything changes and the result seem even closer to the author’s intent..

14. G9 K-plex search on G9 (A k-plex is a SG missing  k edges
If H is a k-plex and F is a ISG, then F is a kplex
A graph (V,E) is a k-plex iff |V|(|V|-1)/2 – |E| k 1
d d d d
ESP2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 W
WSP2
h f h f b f f g h h g g h h h g c c
Events abcde 14*13/2=91
degs=88888dddd88888 |Edge|=66 kplex k25
Events abcde Not calculating k
degs= 7777cccc Until it gets lower
Events abcde 14*13/2=91
degs= 666bbbb88888 |Edges|=66 kpl
Events456789abcde 14*13/2=91
degs= 55aaaa88888 |Edges|=66 kplex k25
Women abcdefghi 18*17/2=153
degs=hfhfbffghhgghhhgcc |Edges| =139 kplex k14
Events56789abcde 14*13/2=91
degs= |Edges|=66 kplex k25
Women abcdefgh 18*17/2=153
degs=gfgfbfffggffgggfc |Edges| =139 kplex k14
Events6789abcde *8/2= A 9Clique!
degs= |Edges|=36 kplex k0
Women abcdefg 18*17/2=153
degs=ffffbffeffeefffe |Edges| =139 kplex k14
So take out {6789abcde} and start over.
Women abcdefg 15*14/2=105
degs=eeeeeeeeeeeeeee |Edges| = kplex k0 15Clique
Events *4/2=10 |Edges|=10 kplex k 0 A 5clique!
degs: 44444
So take out { abcdefg} and start over.
If we had used the full algorithm which pursues each minimum degree tie path, one of them would start by eliminating 14 instead of 1. That will result in the 9Clique and the 5Clique abcde.
All the other 8 ties would result in one of these two situations.
How can we know that ahead of time and avoid all those unproductive minimum degree tie paths?
Women5hi 3*2/2=3
degs=011 |Edges| =1 kplex k2
Womenhi 2*1/2=1
degs=11 |Edges| =1 kplex k0 Clique
We get no information from applying our kplex search algorithm to WSP2.
Again, how could we know this ahead of time to avoid all the work?
Possibly by noticing the very high 1-density of the pTrees? (only 28 zeros)?
Every ISG of a Clique is a Clique so 6789 and 789 are Cliques (which seems to be the authors intent?)
If the goal is to find all maximal Cliques, how do we know that CA= is maximal? If it weren’t then there would be at least one of abcde which when added to CA= would results in a 10Clique. Checking a: PCA&Pa would have to have count=9 (It doesn’t! It has count=5) and PCA(a) would have to be 1 (It isn’t. It’s 0).
The same is true for bcde. The same type of analysis shows 6789abcde is maximal.
I think one can prove that any Clique obtained by our algorithm would be maximal (without the above expensive check), since we start with the whole vertex set and throw out one at a time until we get a clique, so it has to be maximal?
The Women associated strongly with the blue EventClique, abgde are { } and associated but loosely are { }.
The Women associated strongly with the green EventClique, are { } and associated but loosely are {6 7 9}

15. G10 E=SP1 2level pTrees LevelOneStride=19 (labelled 0-i), Level0Stride=10 (labelled 0-9)
Note: SP1 should be called S1PDV for “Shortest 1 Path Destination Verticies, because each one, e.g. S1PDV(v1) maps all such destination verticies from that given starting vertex, v1
OutDeg 1 8 1 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 4 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 35 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
G10: Web graph of pages of a website and hyperlinks. Communities by color (Girvan Newman Algorithm). |V|=180 (1-i0) and |E|=266. Vertices with OutDeg=0 (leaves) do not have pTrees shown because pTrees display only OutEdges and thus those OD=1 have a pure0 pTree. 45 78 46 47 48 49 50 51 c5 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c6 c7 c8 c9 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 g0 g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 h0 h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 i0 1 5 3 4 8 5 4 8 5 7 6 9 5 8 7 5 9 6 8 6 7 1 6 3 6 6 5 e 7 6 1 7 1 4 9
tens
dig 1 3 2 4 5 6 8 7 9 a b d c e f g i h 4 5 1 4 6 1 4 7 1 4 8 1 4 9 1 5 1 5 1 5 2 1 5 1 5 6 1 7 2 1 7 3 1 7 4 1 1
G10
units 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
units 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1
units 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 1 1 1 1
units 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
units 1 2 4 3 1
units 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 1 1 1

16. G10 leaves (OutDegree=0):
G10 E=SP1 2level pTrees LevelOneStride=19 (labelled 0-i), Level0Stride=10 (labelled 0-9)
7 OD
9 OD L1 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 a b d c e g f h i C 4 1 L1 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 b a c e d f g i h 4 H
OutDeg OD 1 8 1 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 8 1 3 9 1 4 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 5 7 6 7 7 6 h 5 B 4 C B 5 C 4 B 6 7 1 6 F 7 G 7 F 6 G 1 G H 2 G 9 F 3 G L1 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 b a . 1 L0 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 4 G 8 F 5 G 7 F 6 G F 7 H 4 7 G 6 F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C B 2 4 C 1 7 4 2 C B 9 4 C 3 B 8 OD L1 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 a b d c e g f h i 7 8 1 7 9 1 8 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 4 6 7 8 H B C A 7 1 8 6 8 7 9 8 9 5 9 A 6 H G 1 4 1 H G 4 2 H 4 3 H I 4 6 8 1 H L0 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 L0 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 OD L0 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 5 1 6 4 5 3 8 4 5 4 8 5 9 4 5 7 9 6 5 8 7 5 9 8 6 6 7 1 6 3 6 6 5 7 e 6 1 7 1 9 4 1 1 9 2 1 9 3 1 9 5 7 9 6 7 8 5 H 7 4 6 H 4 8 H 9 1 4 9 H I 4 3 7 8 I 4 H 9 OD L1 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 9 a b d c e g f h i 4 5 1 4 6 1 4 7 1 4 8 1 4 9 1 5 1 5 2 1 5 6 1 7 2 1 7 3 1 7 4 1 C 5 1 L0 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 1 L0 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 9 7 A 9 8 1 9 8 A 8 L0 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 A 1 9 A 2 B A 4 7 L0 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 7 9 1 4 9 1 5 2 A 5 3 7
20 OD L0 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L1 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 b a c e d f g i h D 2 1 D 2 4 6 7 3 C 8 9 6 C 9 1 D 2 7 C 9 1 D 2 8 C 7 9 D 2 C 9 7 8 D H 4 2 D 1 4 5 7 8 2 D 3 2 D 4 2 L0 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 1 1 L0 1 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 D 5 2 6 D F 5 2 D 7 9 2 8 D F 4 2 D 9 1 2 E 9 1 D 2 1 E 7 9 D 2 E 2 D L0 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 1 1 1 L0 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 OD 3 E F D 2 4 E 9 D 2 5 E 8 D 2 6 E 7 D 2 L0 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 2 2 B 7 6 h 1 B 3 2 L0 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 9 8 1 L0 1 2 4 3 1 L0 2 1 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 1 1 1
G10 leaves (OutDegree=0):
a3 a6 a8 a9 b0 B7 b8 b9 e7 e8 e9 f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f8 f9 g0 g8 g9 h7

17. 18 1
G10
E=SP1
Lists
75 77
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
SP2 Lists
84 85 C
A0 A1
A2 A4 B1 B4 C7
C8 C9 D1 D3 D5
D8 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6 H8 H9 E
A0 A1
A2 A3 A4 B1 B2
C6 C7 C8 C9 D1
D3 D5 D8 D9 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
H8 H9 H9 H4
19 2
76 77
36 2
20 3
77 76 H5
74 78 B2 D1 H7 I0
H0 H1 H2 H3 H5
H7 H8
21 4
22 5
D3 D2
23 6
D4 D2
24 7
D5 D2
25 8 C
A0 A1
A2 A4 B1 B4 C6
C8 C9 D1 D3 D5
D8 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6 H8 H9 E
C6 C7
C8 C9 D1 D3 D5
D8 D9 E0 E2 E3
E4 E5 E6
D6 E5 D2
39 12
26 9
27 10
86 80
D7 D9 D2
40 10
28 11
87 79
B2 D1 H7
A0 A1
A2 A4 B1 B4 C6
C7 H8 H9
29 12
D8 E4 D2
E C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E3 E4 E5 E6
30 13
89 85
D9 91 D2
31 14
90 A6
E0 91 D2
50 76 D2 H1 81 88
32 15
A0 A1 A2 A4 B1
B4 C6 C7 H8 H9
91 A6 A7 A8 A9
B0 B2 C4 D2 H4 I0 C
C6 C7
C9 D1 D3 D5 D8
D9 E0 E1 E2 E3
E4 E5 E6
33 16
E1 79 D2
E C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E4 E5 E6
34 17
E2 D2
35 18
B2 D1 H6 H7
36 19
E3 F0 D2
92 91
E4 E9 D2 C
E C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E5 E6 D2
46 49
93 91
A0 A1 A2 A4 B1
B4 C6 C7 H8 H9 D
C6 C7 C8 C9 D1
D3 D5 D8 D9 E0
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5
E6 H0 H1 H2 H3
H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
E5 E8 D2 74
E6 E7 D2
95 79
51 D2
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E6 F6 G7
A0 A1 A2 A4 B1
B4 C6 C7 H8 H9
96 78
39 29 F7 G6 H4 D
C6 C7
C8 C9 D1 D3 D5
D8 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6
40 27
97 A7 G1 H1
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5
42 45
98 91 G2 F9
43 78
98 99 A0 A1 A2
A4 B1 B4 C6 C7
H8 H9
99 88
70 75 B3
B2 D1 H7 G3 G0
A0 A8 D
79 91 E7 E8 E9 F0 G4 F8 G1 H4
A1 A9 G5 F7 G5 G6
A2 B0
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D5
D8 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6 G6
F7 H4
A4 A7 G7 F6 G6
46 81 H0 H1 H2
H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
A5 A3 A7 H0
G1 H4 B2 H6 H6
A A4 A5
A4 A5
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
B1 B2 H1
G1 H4 H0
46 81 H1 H2 H3
H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
51 46
63 1
M A0
A1 A2 A4 B1 B4
C6 C7 H8 H9
B2 76 H1 H2
H0 H4
B3 B2 H3 I0
C6 C7 C8 C9 D1
D3 D5 D8 D9 E0
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D8 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6 H1
46 81 H0 H2 H3
H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
53 48
B4 C4 H4
46 81 H0 H1 H2
H3 H5 H6 H7 H8
54 48
B5 C4
A A5 H2
46 81 G1 H0 H1
H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8
A A4
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D8 D9 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E8
55 49
B6 B7 H5
77 H4
A A3
74 C6 C7 C8 C9
D1 D3 D5 D8 D9
E0 E1 E2 E3 E4
E5 E6 B3
C0 B2 C4 H6 H4
B1 76 H1
B2 77 G1 H4 H3
44 H4 H9
57 69
C1 77 C4 H8
91 H4
B3 76 H1 H4
77 91 G1 I0
58 70
C2 B9 C4
B4 B5 B6 C0 C1 C2 C3 D
C6 C7 C8 C9 D1
D3 D5 D8 D9 E0
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 H9 I
59 68
C3 B8 I0
44 H4 H9
74 C6 C7 C8 C9
D1 D3 D5 D8 D9
E0 E1 E2 E3 E4
E5 E6
B5 B4 B6 C0 C1 C2 C3 H5
H0 H1
H2 H3 H6 H7 H8
60 67
C4 B4 B5 B6 C0 C1
C2 C3
61 66
C0 76 B4 B5 B6 C1
C2 C3 H1
D C6
C7 C8 C9 D1 D3
D5 D9 E0 E1 E2
E3 E4 E5 E6 E9 H6
46 81 H0 H1 H2
H3 H5 H7 H8
63 66
c5 45 D5
OD=0: a3 a6 a8 a9 B0 B7 b8 b9 e7 e8 e9 f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f8 f9 g0 g8 g9 h7
75 76 H5
C1 77 B4 B5 B6 C0
C1 C2 C3 H5
65 E7
C6 91 D2
76 76 H5 H8
A0 A1 A2 A4 B1
B4 C6 C7 H0 H1
H2 H3 H5 H6 H7 H9
66 61
C7 91 D2
77 H4
C2 B4 B5 B6 C0 C1 C3 D
A0 A1
A2 A3 A4 B1 B2
C6 C7 C8 C9 D1
D3 D5 D8 E0 E1
E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 H8 H9
71 49
C8 79 D2
C4 77 B2 B7 B8
B9 C4
72 47 D2
C9 78
73 48 D2
D0 H4 D2
C B2 D1
D2 H7
74 49 D2
D1 78 D2

18. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * ** * * * 37 * *
* * 39 *
* * * * *
* *
* * ***** ** * *
* * * * * *
** ** *
* * *
** *
* *
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * 65 * * * *
* * * * *
* * *
* * * *
* *
* *
* * * * *
* * * * * * *
** * * 82
*** * * *
* * * *
* *** * * *
* * ** ** * * * 93 92 * * 94
* *
* * * * * *
* * *
* ** * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * * * *
** *** * *
* *
* *
125
130 * * *
*** *** ** **************
* *
136
* *
134 *
137 * *
* *
* * * *
* * *
* * * * *
153
152
151 *
155
154 * * **
* ** *
164
163
162 * *
165 *
169
168 * *
* *
* *
* *
* * *** ** * *
* *
* *
* *
* *
G10 Edge Matrix
Raster ordering EM gives the E table cardinality(E) = 180*180 = 32,400.

19. GN: Remove edge with largest betweeness. Recalc betweenesses; Repeat.
Use both a fore and aft pTree. P S C 5 4
G1_3 1 2 3 4 5
1,1
Ekey
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
2,1
2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,4
3,5
4,1
4,2
4,3
4,4
4,5
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,4
5,5 E 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 5 1 3 4 1 4 5 1 2 3 1 2 5 1 2 5
To construct SPPC(hk) =SPPC(kh) (Shortest Path Partic Count)
if (hk)E ct 1
+ CtS2P(hk)
+ CtS2P(kh)
+ CtS3P(hkg)
+ CtS3P(ghk), g
+ CtS4P(hkfm)
+ CtS4P(fhkm)
+ CtS4P(fmhk)
f,m. Etc.