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Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
1-1 What is Science?
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Science is an organized way
of using evidence to learn about the natural world.
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The goal of science is to investigate
and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world, and to use those explanations to make predictions.
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Scientific thinking begins with OBSERVATIONS –
The process of gathering information about events using the senses (usually sight or hearing).
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This information is called DATA.
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QUANTITATIVE data is expressed using numbers obtained by measuring or counting.
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QUALITATIVE data is descriptive and involve
characteristics that can’t usually be counted.
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Scientists use data to make INFERENCES, or logical interpretations based on
prior knowledge or experience.
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Inferences are conclusions or deductions…
and should not be confused with opinions.
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Opinions are beliefs or judgments of the mind
that should be left out when collecting data.
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Practice making Inferences…
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A theory develops when an ______________is
tested or supported many times. HYPOTHESIS
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Theories are well-tested explanations that unify a broad range of observations.
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…they are not “the truth” and can be revised
or replaced as new evidence is uncovered.
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1-2: How Scientists Work:
The Scientific Method!
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Step 1: State a problem or ask a question that is based on an observation
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Step 2: Form an HYPOTHESIS or make a guess at the solution.
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Writing a 3-Part Hypothesis
“IF…” (idea, reason, or cause) fertilizers have nutrients that help plants grow, “AND…”(test-identifies the independent variable) we grow some seeds with fertilizer and some seeds without fertilizer, “THEN…” (prediction of data-dependent variable) the seeds grown with fertilizer will grow more than the seeds grown without fertilizer.
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…only ONE variable should be changed at a time.
Step 3: Set up a controlled experiment: …only ONE variable should be changed at a time.
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The variable that deliberately changed is the manipulated or independent variable.
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The variable that is observed or changes in response to the independent variable is the
responding or dependent variable.
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The control measures the variable’s effect.
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The experimental group is the group being
measured in the experiment.
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Uncontrolled variables will alter
the results of an experiment.
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Step 4. Collect Data. Step 5. Analyze data using. graphs. and charts
Step 4. Collect Data. Step 5. Analyze data using graphs and charts. Step 6. Draw conclusions. - evaluate your hypothesis - look for uncontrolled variables - accuracy & precision of data
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Biology is the science…
1-3: Studying Life Biology is the science… …that seeks to understand the living world.
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What do these… …have in common?
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All living things on Earth share 8 characteristics!
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All living things are composed of units called cells.
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All living things obtain and use materials
and energy.
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All living things grow and develop
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All living things are based
on a universal genetic code
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respond to their environment
All living things respond to their environment All living things respond to their environment
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A stimulus is a signal to which an organism responds
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All living things reproduce
…asexual (I parent) …sexual (2 parents)
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a stable internal environment
All living things maintain a stable internal environment This is called homeostasis
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Taken as a group, living things change over time.
This is called evolution.
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