1. STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF PLANT TISSUE
International Class – SMAN 1 Yogyakarta
Third Semester – XI Class

2. INTRODUCTION Tissue Systems :
In all multicellular organisms, there is a hierarchy to organizing cells.
Cells that are similar form tissues.
Tissues that work together form organs.
Organs that work together form organisms.
Animals and Plants have this hierarchy

3. PLANT TISSUES AND ORGANS
All plant tissues can be divided in one of two categories:
Permanent tissue
(more mature, differentiated without active cell division)
Meristematic tissue
(undifferentiated, but actively mitotic cells; is the zone of the plant which doesn’t ever stop growing)
Apical meristem
Lateral meristem
Primary meristem
Dermal tissue system
Vascular tissue system
Ground tissue system

4. Meristematic tissue :
APICAL meristem (involved in increasing length; continued division – primary growth; located in root tips and shoot tips; RAM is at the tip of the root & grows down; SAM is at the tip of a shoot/stem & grows up)
LATERAL meristem (involved in increasing girth; cylinders of dividing cells that extend the width of roots and stems)
PRIMARY meristem (derived from apical meristem in roots and shoots)

5. Examples : Lateral Meristem : Primary Meristem : Vascular Cambium
Cork Cambium
Primary Meristem :
Procambium - Vascular Tissue System
Ground Meristem - Ground Tissue System
Protoderm - Dermal Tissue System

6. Cork tissue
Epidermis
Cork cambium
Lenticels

7. Permanent tissue : DERMAL tissue system (outer covering)
VASCULAR tissue system (including : Xylem and Phloem)
GROUND tissue system (strength and storage of sugar; including : Parenchyma, Colenchyma, & Sclerenchyma)
EPIDERMIS (covering primary stems, primary roots, leaves)
PERIDERM (covering woody stems, woody roots)

8. Dermal Tissue of a Leaf Stomata
Is the outer covering of the leaf, root, and primary stems (not bark)
Has a waxy coating called the cuticle which is waterproof.
Dermal Tissue of a Leaf Stomata

9. Dermal tissue :
The dermal tissue system consists of the EPIDERMIS and the PERIDERM.
The epidermis is a single layer of closely packed cells.
It both COVERS and PROTECTS the plant. It can be thought of as the plant's "skin."
Depending on the part of the plant that it covers, the dermal tissue system can be specialized to a certain extent.
For instance, the epidermis of a plant's leaves secretes a coating called the cuticle that helps the plant retain water (waterproof).

10. The periderm, also called BARK, replaces the epidermis in plants that undergo secondary growth.
The periderm consists of cork cells and protects the plant from pathogens, prevents excessive water loss and provides insulation for the plant.

11. Vascular Tissue : Xylem :
Tracheids are long and narrow and connect to one another
Vessel Elements are wider and shorter.
Transport water & minerals from root to leaves.
Vessel Members: Water & mineral transport and support (Mostly in advanced angiosperms)
Tracheids: Water & mineral transport and support (Mostly in gymnosperms and lower angiosperms).
Sclerenchyma Cells: Fibers & Sclereids: support, protection
Xylem Parenchyma Cells: storage, short distance transport
Laticifers: secretion, storage of secondary metabolites
Resin & Gum Duct Epithelial Cells: secretion

12. Vascular Tissue : Phloem :
Sieve Tube Members & Companion Cells are the long phloem cells : transport of sugars, organic nitrogen compounds, and growth regulators in angiosperms
They are separated by porous sieve tube plates.
Taking care of the cellular functions are the companion cells.
Sieve cells, Albuminous Cells: transport of sugars, organic nitrogen compounds, and growth
Sclerenchyma Cell: Fibers, Sclereids: support, protection
Phloem Parenchyma Cells: storage and short-distance transport
Laticifers: secretion and storage of secondary metabolites
Resin & Gum Duct Epithelial Cells: secretion

13. Xylem and Phloem Transport water & minerals from root to leaves
transport of sugars, organic nitrogen compounds, & growth regulators
Xylem and Phloem
Transport water & minerals from root to leaves

14. Ground Tissue :
The ground tissue system synthesizes organic compounds, supports the plant and provides storage for the plant.
It is mostly made up of :
PARENCHYMA cells,
but can also include some COLLENCHYMA, and
SCLERENCHYMA cells as well.

15. Living, thin walled cells. Variable in shape. Lack chloroplasts.
PARENCHYMA CELLS
PARENCHYMA Cells: 
Living, thin walled cells. 
Variable in shape. 
Lack chloroplasts. 
These cells cover the outside surface of herbaceous plants.   
Little gas exchange occurs through these cells, due to a thick covering of a lipid compound call cutin.

16. Parenchyma cells that have developed secondary cell walls.
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
SCLERENCHYMA Cells: 
Parenchyma cells that have developed secondary cell walls. 
Nonelastic secondary cell walls and are dead at maturity.
There are two main types:  fibers and sclereids (sel batu).  
Fibers are long and narrow. 
They protect and support other tissues due to their thick-lignified cell walls.
Lack of protoplasm.

17. Collenchyma cells have uneven thickenings in their primary cell walls.
Collenchyma cells differentiate from parenchyma cells & are alive at maturity.  
Collenchyma cells have uneven thickenings in their primary cell walls.  
Are important for support of the growing regions of shoots, (rare in) roots, & leaves (are found in expanded leaves, petioles, & near the apex of stems). 

18. PLANTS AND PLANT STRUCTURES
GYMNOSPERMS :
ANGIOSPERMS :
Monocots : Grasses, Grains, Palms, Orchids and Lilies (Family of Gramineae).
Dicots : Peanut, Beans, etc. (Family of Leguminoceae)

19. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONOCOTS & DICOTS

20. OVERVIEW OF PLANT GROWTH
Most plants exhibit indeterminate growth. There’re 2 types of growth :
Primary growth – increase in length :
Initiated by apical meristems
Apical meristems give rise to primary meristematic tissues
Primary meristematic tissues give rise to 3 tissue types
Secondary growth – increase in girth :
Due to lateral meristems
Cork cambium produces secondary dermal tissues (periderm) which replace epidermis
Vascular cambium produces new layers of vascular tissues

21. The plant organs are : Root, Shoot (or Stem), & Leaf
Each organ has all 3 types of tissues.