1. 3.2 How Humans Influence Ecosystems
______________ are ecosystems that contain completely waterlogged soil for _______________________of time.
Not only do wetlands contain high ________________________, but they also filter many ______________________ out of the water that slowly flows through them.
For this reason, they are sometimes called the “______________” of Earth.
Because they hold large amounts of water, they can help prevent ___________
Human ___________________ has caused many
British Columbia wetlands to disappear.
In the past 100 years:
Up to _____ percent of the wetlands in the lower
Fraser Valley have been lost.
Up to _____ percent of the wetlands in the South
Okanagan have been lost.
Wetlands are vital ecological features in British Columbia.
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2. Understanding Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability of an ecosystem to _______________________ _____________________________________
These processes enable biodiversity and keep the ecosystem __________.
Sustainability can also include _______________ using an ecosystem to meet their needs today without ___________________ the function or _______________ of the ecosystem in the future.
Sustainable practices maintain, or even ________, healthy ecosystems.
____________________________, biodiversity, and ecosystem health are all possible.
Returning young coho salmon to rivers near Port Alice can help maintain sustainability.
See page 125
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3. The Effects of Land and Resource Use
“_____________________” refers to how humans use land for urban development, _______________, industry, mining, and ____________
All of the land around us, even in _________, was once a part of an ecosystem.
“Resource use” refers to the ways we__________________and _____ naturally occurring materials.
Most products you use every day involve the use of some _____________________________in their production.
If the land and resources are not used _______________, they are often _____________________ and exported to other places for use.
The processing and export of resources like lumber, coal, and sulfur are very important to British Columbia’s economy.
See page 126
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4. Habitat Loss
Humans have encroached on natural ecosystems very __________________________ in the past 150 years.
As a result of this expansion, habitats have been___________or fragmented.
“Habitat loss” refers to loss of habitats due to ___________________________.
“Habitat fragmentation” is the splitting of large habitats into many ___________ ones, resulting in disrupted natural activities for plants and animals.
Habitat loss (left) and habitat fragmentation (right) reveal the effects of human activities on ecosystems.
See page 126
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5. Habitat Loss (continued)
See page 127
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6. The Effects of Deforestation
_____________________ is the clearing or logging of forests for human use.
The resulting barren land is never reclaimed or ____________________.
The agricultural crops that are planted are often _____________________.
This____________________biodiversity and leaves the crop vulnerable to ________________________________.
Deforestation is still occurring in many ___________________________________
Deforestation results in __________ degradation.
Soil degradation occurs when moving ________ and water erode __________________and leave
bare land behind.
Topsoil, the upper layer of soil, is where most
of the _____________________, water, and air are found
for plant growth.
Converting a tropical rainforest into farmland.
See page 128
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7. The Effects of Agriculture
If fields are left exposed during non-planting ___________________,
water and wind ____________________ can occur.
In areas like southwestern British Columbia, the soil can become ______________________.
Soil particles are _________________together due to farm animals or vehicles.
There is no room for _________ or air to enter the soil.
Water then runs _______________instead of soaking in, resulting in loss of water, increased erosion, and the addition of farm ______________________
and pesticides to the ecosystem.
___________________, which involves removing
small plugs of soil, loosens soils and can
reduce run-off.
Farm animals, such as these cows, can compact soils.
See page 129
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8. The Effects of Resource Exploitation
Resource _______________________= resource ______
Humans depend on resource exploitation for ________, materials, food, shelter, and ____________________.
Exploitation can lead to _____________________, soil degradation, and contamination of ___________________________
Contamination is the introduction of harmful ________________ or micro-organisms into the environment.
Many mining and resource exploitations require ____________________________ efforts.
Reclamation attempts to __________________ environmental impacts of exploitation to ______________ the original habitat.
_________________________ is the extraction of resources until they are ______________. This can result in ____________________, which is the dying out of a species.
Food webs can be greatly affected over long periods of time
The overexploited species could be a_________________species.
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9. Resource Management and Traditional Ecological Knowledge
In Aboriginal cultures, __________________________________is passed down from generation to generation.
This knowledge reveals what ___________________________were like and also how the ecosystem and humans ________________.
Knowledge is found in _________________, songs, cultural beliefs, ___________________, community laws, and traditional practices.
Current ecological restoration and usage guidelines often involve traditional knowledge from ________________________ representatives.
Traditions such as the “________________”
allow for ecological renewal.
Fire __________________, enforced in British Columbia for over 100 years, has led to recent issues like the mountain pine beetle infestation and huge wildfire losses.
Controlled burning.
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13. 3.3 How Introduced Species Affect Ecosystems
________________________are plants and animals that naturally inhabit an area.
Because of the immigration to North America by many people from other ____________________over the past 400 years, many new species have been _________________________.
These new species of plants and animals are called __________________ foreign species, non-native species, exotic species, or alien species.
Many of these species are _____________ or sometimes even beneficial.
An ___________________________, such as purple loosestrife, negatively affects native species and often _________________biodiversity as a result.
European leaf-feeding beetle, and the purple loosestrife.
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14. The Impact of Introduced Species
Invasive species often take ___________________ of their new habitat.
They may have no ___________________, are aggressive _________________________and reproduce quickly.
______________________: while the native species have an established balance, the invasive species can throw off this balance.
______________: if the invasive species is a predator, it may
have a huge advantage, as the native species may have
no methods to survive.
_____________________________________: by weakening
certain species, a micro-organism invading an ecosystem can
drastically alter the entire ecosystem and the niches within it.
__________________________: some invasive species can change
the physical structure of the ecosystem by digging,
burrowing, blocking sunlight, or changing the
chemistry of the ecosystem.
The sea lamprey
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15. Invasive Species in British Columbia
Eurasion Milfoil
Norway rat
See page 142
American Bullfrog
European Starling
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16. Saving an Ecosystem Under Siege
It often takes ______________________________to save established ecosystems.
The Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team (GOERT) is trying to save several areas of the Garry oak ________________________ in British Columbia.
_______ percent of the original ecosystem has been lost to urban development, and the remaining 5 percent is threatened by invasive species.
Garry oak trees are a ______________________________
Scotch broom, English ivy, and other
plant species are its biggest __________________.
GOERT has representatives from many groups including the British Columbia government, First Nations, conservationists, scientists, and businesses.
Garry oak forests may be better suited to survive in
the ______________________than Douglas fir forests.
Garry oak ecosystem
See page 143
(c) McGraw Hill Ryerson 2007