1. Bellwork for Dec. 16, 2013
Look at your strengths and weaknesses chart. Just looking at the chart which side do you think should have won the war and why? 2-3 sentences.

2. The
American
Revolution:

3. On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain
Americans
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

4. Loyalist
Strongholds

5. Washington’s Headaches
Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].
State/colony loyalties.
Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.
Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

6. Military Strategies The Americans The British
Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].
Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]
Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.
Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.
Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.
“Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

7. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

8. The British suffered over 40% casualties.
Bunker Hill (June, 1775)
The British suffered over 40% casualties.

9. Phase II:
NY & PA [ ]

10. New York City in Flames (1776)

11. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

12. A modern-day re-enactment
Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment

13. Bellwork for Dec. 17, 2013
In 2-3 sentences, explain why the British felt it was so important to capture Philadelphia.

14. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

15. Britain’s “Southern Strategy”
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]
Good US General: Nathanial Greene

16. The Southern Campaign Clinton’s focus will shift South
Sails some of his forces (14,000) from NY to South Carolina
The British will attack and control Charleston
Clinton will return to NY, leaving Charles Cornwallis in command

17. The Southern Campaign
The British are generally successful at the start, because they are better equipped than the Americans
However, the British truly expected a lot of loyalists to jump over to their side; that really won’t happen in big enough numbers for the English
As usual, the British will be successful in many conventional battles, but as the campaign drags on, they will continually have to deal with guerilla attacks
Slowly and steadily, the Americans will start to chip away at the British

18. The Southern Campaign
Within the first year of Southern combat, Cornwallis took control of most of South Carolina
American leadership is somewhat ineffective at that point; Washington is still up North (butting heads with Congress and the French)
Horatio Gates had been put in charge of the Southern forces, but he tended to fight the British head on (and that’s not a strategy that helps the Americans)
Ultimately, Gates will need to be replaced; new commanding officer in the South will be Nathanael Greene
Probably the 2nd best general in the American army, behind GW

19. The Southern Campaign Greene is younger and more realistic than Gates
Understands that the Americans can’t go toe-to-toe with the British
He will rely on smaller, faster armies that can strike quickly and run
Greene wants to wear the British out

20. The Southern Campaign
As for the English, Cornwallis actually starts to get bored in SC
Believing that GA and SC are secure, he decides that he would like to start moving his armies North
As he sees it, the war can’t end until Washington is forced to surrender; Cornwallis would like to force the issue
The goal is to make a GW sandwich- Catch Washington in between the forces of Cornwallis and Clinton
Cornwallis begins to move through South Carolina away from his base of ops in Charleston, through the Upstate region, and into North Carolina

21. The Southern Campaign
This is where the Americans really use guerilla tactics; they really try to avoid open battlefields
Greene and Daniel Morgan will shadow Cornwallis and make life difficult
Also have militias under the command of Francis Marion (think Mel Gibson in “The Patriot”)

22. The Southern Campaign
Cornwallis depends on loyalists for his extra forces, but when the going gets tough they will bail out
Cornwallis is forced to chase after Greene, Morgan, and Marion, but it’s very tough to fight three armies at one (while still trying to march North)
His armies are continually weakened, and there’s no way to reinforce them (supplies lines are cut off by Marion’s forces)
After an exchange of letters, Cornwallis is instructed by Henry Clinton to head for Yorktown, VA and wait for navy transport to NY
This is an awful idea

23. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

24. Yorktown Yorktown is a peninsula French Navy will have it blockaded
American/French armies will converge on the town
Cornwallis is put under siege
Ultimately he has to surrender
This will end the major fighting in the American Revolution

25. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

26. Why
did the British
Lose???

27. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

28. Articles of
Confederation
Government:

29. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

30. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War

31. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].
13 out of 13 to amend.
Representatives were frequently absent.
Could not tax or raise armies.
No executive or judicial branches.

32. State Constitutions Republicanism.
Most had strong governors with veto power.
Most had bicameral legislatures.
Property required for voting.
Some had universal white male suffrage.
Most had bills of rights.
Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

33. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

34. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

35. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

36. State Claims to Western Lands

37. Land Ordinance of 1785

38. Northwest Ordinance of 1787
One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress!
Statehood achieved in three stages:
Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory.
When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature.
When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

39. The United States in 1787

40. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

41. Annapolis Convention (1786)
12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA]
GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.
Not enough states were represented to make any real progress.
Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

42. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA
Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

43. Shays’ Rebellion:

44. Shays’ Rebellion:
There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington