1. TASKS: 1. Classify the following organic compounds:
Do Now 10.12
OBJECTIVES: 1. Define carbohydrate, identify different types, and describe the main role of carbohydrates in organisms.
2. Identify monosaccharides as the monomers carbohydrates are made of, and the ratio of C:H:O in monosaccharides.
Describe and distinguish hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions.
TASKS: 1. Classify the following organic compounds:
C3H6
CH3CH2COOH
H2NCH2COOH
COH2

2. Macromolecules Macro = “big”
Macromolecules are the large organic molecules made by and found in organisms.
There are 4 major categories:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Lipids
Today’s lesson is all about carbohydrates.

3. Carbohydrates: The sweetest macromolecules
Carbohydrates store energy in living things. Sugar is a good example
Q: Why is broccoli good for you and candy bad if they both are sources of carbohydrates?
A: The broccoli (and other fruits and vegetables) also have OTHER important nutrients

4. #1 Thing to Know
Carbohydrates (aka sugars) main job is to STORE ENERGY

5. Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides
All carbohydrates are made up of 1 or more monosaccharides
“mono-” = “one”
“-saccharide” = sugar
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of all carbohydrates.
The most common monosaccharides have the chemical formula C6H1206
Can you now see why they’re called “carbo” – “hydrates” ?

6. An Example Glucose is one of the most common compounds on Earth.
Notice the basic structure of a ring with other “stuff” attached.

7. ISOMERS
Even though two compounds have the same chemical formula (# of each type of atoms), they may be different compounds because of how the atoms bond to each other.
C6H12O6 isomers
Galactose
Fructose

8. What we’ve seen so far:
Monosaccharides have a ratio of 1:2:1 C:H:O. Most are C6H12O6.
Even though they contain the same numbers of atoms, there are many different isomers possible.
Almost all monosaccharides form 5 or 6 atom rings as their basic structure

9. Disaccharides – “Double Sugars”
Fructose
SUCROSE
Glucose
water

10. Polysaccharides – “Many Sugars”
Through the same dehydration synthesis (aka condensation) reaction we saw, many monosaccharides can be bonded together to form a gigantic compound called a polysaccharide. They can be made of anywhere from 3 up to THOUSANDS of monomers.

11. Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
When monomers combine – they form water M1 H M2 OH + OH H
Your book doesn’t discuss the Condensation Rxn – but it could come up in conversation
H2O

12. Hydrolysis
When polymers breakdown water is needed to break the bonds M1 H M2 OH OH H
H2O

13. Polysaccharide Example: Cellulose
Cellulose is a long straight chain of glucose monomers.
It accounts for about 50% of the mass of wood, because it is the biggest component of plant cell walls

14. It’s the polysaccharide we’ll be experimenting with next week!

15. Notice the ring-shaped Monosaccharide subunit!

16. This is the bond we’ll be breaking in the lab!!!
Here’s a small part of the long chain…
This is the bond we’ll be breaking in the lab!!!

17. CRITICAL INFORMATION
Carbohydrates are macromolecules made up of one or more monosaccharides.
Their major function in organisms is to store energy.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. It is a polysaccharide made of many monosaccharides joined together.

18. Other Important Polysaccharides
Glycogen: A highly branched polysaccharide used to store glucose in animals and fungi.

19. Other Important Polysaccharides
Starch: A somewhat branched polysaccharide used to store glucose in plants. Most common energy source in human diet.