1. Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins
Priority Problems -
Identification and Ranking
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

2. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Applied Methodology
Inception workshop (internal)
River basin background papers
River basin workshops
Presentation of background papers
Identification of priority problems
Ranking of priority problems (1 ÷ 3); protocols
Draft project report
Background papers, problems, assessment
Final workshop
Agree on priority problems;
Agree on strategy of problem solution
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

3. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Involved Experts and Organisations
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

4. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Number and Priority of Identified Problems
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

5. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Priority Ranking Criteria
Reliable water supply of sufficient quantity
Adverse effect on environment
Quality water supply, meeting standards
Affected population (health – discomfort – economic disadvantage)
Economic productivity (added value)
Cost of alternatives (opportunity cost)
Realisation time needed
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

6. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Verification of Applied Ranking
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

7. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Structuring of 136 Problems
Geographically (by river basins)
Project type
institutional/legal
Monitoring
Infrastructure
Water uses (sub-sectors)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

8. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Problems Grouped by Type
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

9. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Problems Grouped by Water Uses (Sectors)
136 Priority Problems
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

10. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Problems by Water Uses and Basin
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

11. Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins
The Priority Problems of
Water Management
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

12. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Resource or Management Problem?
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

13. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Resource or Management Problem?
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

14. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Water Resources DistributionUC
33 mm/a
5,723 m³/c BA
37 mm/a
5,042 m³/c Ir
68 mm/a
7,229 m³/c Is
5 mm/a
643 m³/c NS
4 mm/a
1,054 m³/c ST
24 mm/a
5,165 m³/c SD TT
1,081 m³/c
International Data:
Kazakhstan 21 mm/a
Spain mm/a
Eastern E. 100 mm/a
Europe 314 mm/a
Austria mm/a
Norway mm/a
mm/a = runoff height per basin area
m³/c = m³ per capita in basin area
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

15. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Fresh Water Withdrawals (m³/capita,a)
Kazakhstan
In 1999: 1275 m³/c,a
In 1993: 2000 m³/c,a
Source:
OECD
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

16. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [36]
(19) water resources and demand management problems per se, i.e.
5 improve management, rational water use, ecosystem management, monitoring, data base
4 develop complex use and protection of water resources
3 make inventory and assessment of hydro infrastructure including small dams
3 improve reservoir operation
2 investigate alternative resources, groundwater
1 improve project coordination
1 center for Caspian sea level research
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

17. (6) provide state financing
Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [36] (contd.)
(6) provide state financing
3 create a water fund (for capital investment), set realistic tariffs
3 financial support for the operation of the Satpaev canal (IKC)
(4) transboundary problems
(3) stronger involvement of NGOs
(2) rehabilitation and safety of dams
(2) construct new infrastructure (Volga-Ural canal, Emba dam)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

18. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problems
Political changes since 1991
Frequent change of institutions in charge (duties, responsibilities, financial means)
Terminated financing from central government
Transition from plan to market economy
Change in economy: different needs
Different way of thinking (users, organisations)
Legislature (need for modern water code and implementation decrees)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

19. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy (1)
Guiding Principles (Dublin Principles ´92)
Fresh water is finite vulnerable resource
Participatory approach, involve all stakeholders
Women role in water management
Water is an economic good
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

20. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy (2)
Policy paper (EU Framework Directive)
Protection of all waters (surface and groundwater)
Achieve good status for all waters (coordinate objectives)
Water management based on river basins (plan)
Combined approach: emission limits and quality standards (immission)
Get prices right (true costs, but with derogations)
Public participation
Adopt legislation (water code)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

21. River Basin Management Plan: Objectives:
Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy: Basin Planning
River Basin Management Plan: Objectives:
Establish environmental objectives for each water body
Describe measures to be put in place to achieve them
To be updated (6 year cycles)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

22. Supplementary measures
Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy: Basin Planning
Mandatory measures:
Point source pollution
Diffuse source pollution
Abstractions
Impoundments
Engineering works (facilities)
Register of protected areas
Supplementary measures
Economic or fiscal instruments
Recreation and restoration of wetlands etc.
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

23. Individual Solutions e.g. Helsinki convention for UNECE countries
Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy: Transboundary
Individual Solutions e.g. Helsinki convention for UNECE countries
Prevent, control and reduce any transb. impact
Any action to attach pollution at source
Precautionary principle
Polluter pays principle
Manage resources sustainably
Establish monitoring program for transb. waters
Cooperate on basis of bilateral agreements
Cooperate in research and technology for pollution reduction
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

24. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects (1 of 2)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

25. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects (2 of 2)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

26. Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins
The Priority Problems of
Legislation and Institutions
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

27. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [12]
(5) weakness of institutions – capacity and power
(3) new water code needed
(3) inadequate water tariff and pricing system
(1) re-define Water Pollution Index
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

28. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy
Modern water code (on its way)
Strengthen Institutions
Committee for Water Resources
River Basin Authorities
Several models exist; use international experience and adopt to local conditions
Nura Ishim River Basins Management (pilot) Project
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

29. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Project
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

30. Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins
The Priority Problems of
Urban Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

31. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Characteristic of the Problem
8.38 million = urban population = 56% of total (1999)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

32. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Characteristic of the Problem
8.38 million = urban population 56% (1999)
Municipal Water Supply
70-75% water supply connection rate
75-80% comply with quality norms (52-60%)
Wastewater Disposal
60-70% Sewage collection thereof 10-15% mechanically treated thereof 65-70% mech-bio treated (40-50%)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

33. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Rehabilitation Needs
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

34. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [22]
(8) rehabilitation of water distribution & transmission lines
(6) build/rehabilitate wastewater treatment plants and sewers
(3) rehabilitate wells, groundwater development
(2) improve water treatment plant
(2) improve water and sewerage
(1) drainage and storm water disposal
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

35. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problems
Central government funds ceased
Huge discrepancy between produced ( l/c,d) and consumed ( l/c,d)
Physical losses (up to 60% and more
Wastage (no metering)
Waste of resources (energy, chemicals, personnel)
Low revenue collection
Lack of modern admin. & management
Huge backlog of investments
Many cities have water quality problems
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

36. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problems
Deterioration of infrastructure
Estimated required investments in sector water: $ 1.1 bln.
Assets / service level
service level
book value 25 50
years
today
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

37. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects (1 of 2)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

38. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects (2 of 2)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

39. Republic of Kazakhstan Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins
The Priority Problems of
Rural Water Supply
and Sanitation
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

40. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Magnitude of the Problem [12]
6.58 million rural population = 44% (1999)
7845 settlements (average 840 people)
Supply coverage reduced ( ): settlements: %  2687 rural population: from 45%  ~25%
Non-compliance with quality standards: 30% Almaty, 90% Zhambyl Oblast of operating systems; infection diseases increase
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

41. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Causes of the Problem
State stopped operation of large irrigation systems which provided also water supply
Some piped systems are unaffordable for rural population
Ownership of facilities often unclear
New owner cannot afford rehabilitation
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

42. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy
Demand responsive approach:
Focus on what users want, what they are willing to pay and what they can sustain
Local community is the driving force
Need for a strong local water committee (women role)
Water to be treated as an economic asset
Private sector provides goods and services
Full cost recovery for operation and maintenance
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

43. Feasibility Studies required
Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Strategy: Studies Required
Feasibility Studies required
What is actual water demand?
What is affordability and willingness?
Study alternative sources available
Define service level
Define least cost solution covering demand
Define investment and operation cost
Define owner and operator
Define tariff and subsidy regime (sustainable)
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

44. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger

45. Priority Issues in 7 Major River Basins Proposed Priority Projects
Thank you for your attention
7-Nov-18
Fritz Schwaiger