1. INSTRUMENTATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
Various Instruments used in:
construction
Environmental Engineering
Foundation Engineering
STRAIN GAUGES
MANAGEMENT UTILITIES USING TELEMETRY
SCADA SYSTEM

2. INSTRUMENTS USED IN CONSTRUCTION
COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

3. COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
What is compaction?
A simple ground improvement technique, where the soil is densified through external compactive effort.
Compactive effort =

4. Compaction Objectives:
Many types of earth construction, such as dams, retaining walls, highways, and airport, require compaction of soil, or fill.
The dense state is achieved through the reduction of the air voids in the soil, with little or no reduction in the water content. This process must not be confused with consolidation, in which water is squeezed out under the action of a continuous static load.
Objectives:
Decrease future settlements
Increase shear strength
Decrease permeability

5. GENERAL COMPACTION METHODS
Coarse-grained soils
Fine-grained soils
Falling weight and hammers
Kneading compactors
Static loading and press
Vibrating hammer (BS)
Laboratory
Hand-operated vibration plates
Motorized vibratory rollers
Rubber-tired equipment
Free-falling weight; dynamic compaction (low frequency vibration, 4~10 Hz)
Hand-operated tampers
Sheepsfoot rollers
Rubber-tired rollers
Field
Vibration
Kneading

6. Lab Compaction Equipments
Standard Proctor test equipment

7. Field Compaction Equipments
Vibrating Plates
for compacting very small areas
effective for granular soils

8. Field Compaction Equipments
Smooth-wheel roller (drum)
100% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 380 kPa
Can be used on all soil types except for rocky soils.
Compactive effort: static weight
The most common use of large smooth wheel rollers is for proof-rolling subgrades and compacting asphalt pavement.

9. Field Compaction Equipments
Pneumatic (or rubber-tired) roller
80% coverage under the wheel
Contact pressure up to 700 kPa
Can be used for both granular and fine-grained soils.
Compactive effort:static weight.
Can be used for highway fills or earth dam construction.

10. Field Compaction Equipments
Sheeps foot rollers
Has many round or rectangular shaped protrusions or “feet” attached to a steel drum
8% ~ 12 % coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 7000 kPa
It is best suited for clayed soils.
Compactive effort: static weight and kneading.

11. Field Compaction Equipments
Tamping foot roller
About 40% coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 8400 kPa
It is best for compacting fine-grained soils (silt and clay).
Compactive effort: static weight and kneading.

12. Field Compaction Equipments
Mesh (or grid pattern) roller
50% coverage
Contact pressure is from 1400 to 6200 kPa
It is ideally suited for compacting rocky soils, gravels, and sands. With high towing speed, the material is vibrated, crushed, and impacted.
Compactive effort: static weight and vibration.

13. Field Compaction Equipments
Vibrating drum on smooth-wheel roller
Vertical vibrator attached to smooth wheel rollers.
The best explanation of why roller vibration causes densification of granular soils is that particle rearrangement occurs due to cyclic deformation of the soil produced by the oscillations of the roller.
Compactive effort: static weight and vibration.
Suitable for granular soils

14. Dynamic Compaction - pounding the ground by a heavy weight
Suitable for granular soils, land fills and terrain with sink holes.
solution cavities in limestone
Pounder (Tamper)
Pounder (Tamper) Mass = 5-30 tonnes Drop = m
Crater created by the impact
(to be backfilled)

15. Vibroflotation
Vibroflotation is a technique for in situ densification of thick layers of loose granular soil deposits. It was developed in Germany in the 1930s.

16. Vibroflotation Suitable for granular soils
Vibroflot (vibrating unit) Length = 2 – 3 m Diameter = 0.3 – 0.5 m Mass = 2 tonnes
(lowered into the ground and vibrated)

17. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
An excavator is a power-driven machine mostly used in earthmoving operations.

18. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
Backhoes: Backhoes are used for surface or subsurface excavation of solids and sludge. Backhoes are used to dig below the surface, such as trenches, building footings and foundations. The backhoe is attached to the loader frame with a ridged coupling.
Excavators: Excavators are large backhoes. They can be truck mounted, truck carrier mounted, or self-propelled wheel mounted. They are hydraulic powered and consist of three structures: the revolving unit, the travel base and the attachment.

19. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
Front-End Loaders: The front end loader is a self-contained unit mounted on rubber tires or tracks and is one of the most versatile and capable pieces of equipment used in excavation work., as well as loading. The front end loader can be equipped to operate as a loader, dozer, scraper, backhoe, crane, auger, or sweeper.

20. EXCAVATING EQUIPMENTS
DOZER: A bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

21. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS
Non Destructive testing of buildings means analyzing the condition of building after construction or of an existing construction.
Usually used for old buildings for the repair and maintenance work.

22. NDT Advantages Access to hidden items – “see through walls”
Better investigations with NDT
Rapid accumulation of data
Generally less expensive than destructive testing
Minimize interruption of building services
Evaluation and quality assurance

23. NDT Disadvantages More than one test method may be required
Environmental conditions may effect or distort results
Construction details & building components may effect results
Some conditions cannot be determined with a reasonable degree of accuracy without destructive testing

24. Non Destructive Testing Methods
Schmidt rebound hammer test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Carbonation depth measurement test
Permeability test
Penetration resistance or windsor probe test
Infrared thermography

25. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS
SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER
Utilizes an internal spring and rod to strike the concrete with a calibrated force
Weight – 1.8 kg
Can be used in lab and field
Easy to use
Variable results

26. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS
DIGI-SCHMIDT Digital Concrete Test Hammer
• Non-destructive measurement of the concrete/mortar compressive strength
• The control of the uniform concrete quality (in-situ concrete and prefabricated structures)
• Detecting weak spots
• Electronic display unit makes it ideally suited for systematic high volume measuring.
The compressive strength (fc) is established by measuring the hardness (rebound value R) of the concrete surface and with the conversion curves.
Measuring range:
Concrete compressive strength
of 10 to 70 N/mm2.

27. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST
Equipment consists of an electrical pulse generator, a pair of transducers, an amplifier and an electronic timing device for measuring the time interval
Measure travel time of an ultrasonic pulse
Correlates to compressive strength

28. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST
APPLICATIONS:
 determination of the uniformity of concrete in and between members
 measurement of changes occurring with time in the properties of concrete
 correlation of pulse velocity and strength as a measure of concrete quality
 determination of the modulus of elasticity and dynamic Poisson's ratio of the concrete.
Direct transmission
Semi-direct transmission
Indirect or surface transmission

29. NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING EQUIPMENTS

30. SPECTROPHOTOMETER Principle:
Light Intensity Change : By Absorbance or Transmittance
Quantity : Using Absorbance
Use:
To determine the intensity of transmitted light
To Determine the absorbance or transmittance
Used in dyes industry
To determine colour impurities in water

31. Working Principle of SPECTROPHOTOMETERIt
photometer
spectrometer
Sample Holder I0
 Intensity of incident light
 Intensity of transmitted light It