1. Lesson 4 Endocrine system/fight or flight

2. Starter
Hypothesis

3. Hypothesis and descriptive statistics
A psychologist wanted to see if there was a correlation between participants’ scores on an anxiety test and their levels of cortisol (stress hormone secreted by the adrenal glands) in their blood system. The raw data is shown below Q1) write a directional hypothesis for this study (2 marks) Q2) draw a table of descriptive states, showing the mean, median, mode and range for each co-variable (5 marks) Q3) Which graph should be used to represent the correlation above (1 mark) Q4) draw and accurately label the graph to represent the correlation (4 marks)

4. Answers
Q1) write a directional hypothesis for this study (2 marks)
There will be a positive correlation (1) between participants scores on an anxiety test and their blood levels of cortisol (Ng/ml) (2)
Extra Info: Ng/ml is one of the smallest measurements that can be taken. It stands for nanograms per millilitre
Q2) draw a table of descriptive states, showing the mean, median, mode and range for each co-variable (5 marks)
Challenge: the cortisol data
suggest a skewed distribution,
sketch a quick distribution
graph and state whether
it is positively or negatively skewed
Table: 1 mark for correct labelling, 2 marks for correct scores for each covariable
Anxiety score
Cortisol (Ng/ml)
Mean
10.5 85
Median
9.5
77.5
Mode 9 45
Range 11
120

5. Challenge
This would make the cortisol level scores a ‘positively skewed’ distribution (see image above)

6. Answers
Q3) Which graph should be used to represent the correlation above (1 mark) - Scatter graph Q4) draw and accurately label the graph to represent the correlation (4 marks) 2 marks for a title and labelling x and y axis (for example x = cortisol levels (Na/ml) and y = scores on anxiety test. Two marks for accurate plotting of data (see below) In pairs, discuss what conclusions You could make from this scatter graph What cannot be argued?

7. watch the video above and answer these questions
Endocrine system What’s in a name? - The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete,
watch the video above and answer these questions
The endocrine system co-ordinates homeostasis. What does this mean in the context of our bodies?
What role does the endocrine system perform?
What does the endocrine system primary consist of?
What do these constituents do?
What are hormones?
Where do they travel and to where?
Give examples of the actions that hormones help regulate or control
How do hormones work?

8. The endocrine system: glands
The endocrine system works alongside the nervous system. It is a network of glands across the body that secrete chemical messages called hormones.
Instead of using nerves (sensory and motor neurons) to transmit information, this system uses blood vessels.
Different hormones produce different effects (behaviours).
The glands which make up the endocrine system can be found on page 10.
Each gland produces a different hormone.

9. The endocrine system: hormones
The word ‘hormone’ comes from the Greek work ‘hormao’ which means ‘excite’, as hormones excite (stimulate) a particular part of the body.
Hormones are chemicals that are secreted into the blood and are detected by organs, such as the heart, lungs or other glands.
The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland and is responsible for stimulating or controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.  Therefore, the hypothalamus is the control system which regulates the endocrine system.

10. The endocrine system Task 1b) Challenge
Task 1a) Core knowledge (from homework)
Briefly outline the role of the endocrine system (2 marks)
glands hormones vital functions
organs secrete circulatory (blood) system
Or/and
Task 1b) Challenge
Outline the role of the endocrine system (4 marks)
glands organs hormones x widespread and powerful
vital functions organs secrete circulatory (blood) system
chemicals secreted blood Heart and lungs other glands

11. Possible answers Possible answer to task 1a
The endocrine system is a series of glands which secrete hormones (1 mark) into the circulatory (blood) system to control vital functions (2 marks)
Possible answer to task 1b
The endocrine system is a series of glands which secrete hormones throughout the body (1 mark) via the circulatory (blood) system to control vital functions. (2 marks) Hormones are chemicals that are secreted into the blood and are detected by organs, such as the heart and lungs (3 marks), or other glands and have widespread and powerful effects. (4 marks)

12. The endocrine system
Page 10 Core knowledge: label the diagram with the eight glands in the endocrine system.

14. Exam questions
By drawing an outline of a human, give the approximate location of three separate glands and label them (6 marks)
Which gland releases adrenaline? (1 mark)
Which gland controls the action of all other glands (1 mark)
Identify two hormones and briefly outline their function (4 marks)
extension – if you are waiting, come up with a great mnemonic to remember the glands of the endocrine system that the whole class can use

15. Answers
Correct location of each gland receives 1 mark each (3 in total) and correct labelling of each gland receives 1 mark each (total of three marks)
The adrenal glands (specifically the adrenal medulla – see fight or flight mechanism)
The pituitary gland
Correct identification of hormones, for example TSH, ACTH, Adrenalin, oestrogen, testosterone, gets one mark each (2 marks in total) and brief description of function gets one mark each (2 marks in total) for example…
ACTH (1) is responsible for signalling the adrenal gland to secrete hormones (2). Adrenalin (3) is involved in increasing arousal for the fight or flight reaction to a threat (4).

16. Watch this

17. Fight or flight – the role of adrenalin
Core knowledge about fight or flight Info: When we are under threat, the body automatically begins a process called fight or flight. Task: Describe to your friend the physical symptoms you feel when you ‘jump’ when you are surprised (like hearing a sudden loud bang) Info: We automatically prepare ourselves to physically address the threat, either by running away (flight) or attacking the threat (fight) Q) When you ‘jump’ is this a conscious decision or do you do it automatically? Info: As it is a automatic reflex response, is generated by the autonomic nervous system. Initiated by the sympathetic branch Q) Which gland is adrenalin secreted from? A) The adrenal glands – specifically the adrenal medulla (see next slide)

18. The Adrenal Medulla

19. Fight or flight
Task a: complete the student worksheet by filling in the gaps. Use each other to help and use p 115 in the ‘green hair’ book if you cannot work it out Task b: label the diagram using the key words and phrases

20. Core knowledge 1: up for the fight (or flight)
A person will change from their normal resting state (the parasympathetic state) to the physiologically aroused sympathetic state when faced with a perceived threat. This causes the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). This has the effect on the cells of the adrenal gland causing them to release adrenaline. This triggers physiological changes in the body which creates the physiological arousal necessary for the fight or flight response

21. Core knowledge 2: what biological changes occur due to increased adrenaline?
Q) feeling anxious? This often leads to the sensation of butterflies in the stomach, can you guess using a physiological reason why these may occur?
The physiological changes in the stomach cause this. Blood is diverted from the stomach to the vital organs, and the stomach muscles tighten. This adds to the feeling of ‘butterflies and people can feel quite ‘sick’ and occasionally experience nausea.

22. Core knowledge 3: - calming down again
Once the threat has passed, the parasympathetic nervous system is activated to calm the person down and return them to a resting state. Adrenaline is no longer secreted from the adrenal glands. Heart and breathing rates return to normal, and the person establishes homeostasis. The parasympathetic nervous system works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system and act like a brake so we do not use up all our vital resources by staying in a constant state of heightened physiological arousal

23. Links to exam Task d i: core - Plan the exam question below
On her way to her friends house, Jemima was walking past a house which was being decorated, the painter dropped a full can paint from a ladder and the loud noise made her jump. This made her heart rate dramatically increase, she drew a sharp intake of air and felt breathless for a minute and she quickly developed a dry mouth. As she carried on her journey, she started to calm down and by the time she arrived at her friends, she felt completely normal again.
Using what you know about the endocrine system, explain Jemima’s physical reaction to the sudden loud noise (6 marks) or
Task d ii: challenge – answer the question above
Extension: develop your own scenario that could be used as part of an exam question

24. Plenary: The glands and their functions
1) Read through page 10 (3 minutes) then put it away – do not refer to it again if at all possible 2) Draw a torso 3) Label the 7 glands. 4) Pass your torso along – add the hormones that are secreted from the gland to the diagram. 5) Pass your torso along - add the function of each hormone to the torso. 6) Return your torso to the artist…. Is it correctly labelled?

25. Plenary: spiral questions