1. The Power of the Church

2. Europe Word Bank Ukraine Belarus France Denmark Ireland Italy Turkey
Estonia Germany Norway
Switzerland Greece Netherlands
Iceland UK Belgium
Sweden Russia Latvia Lithuania
Portugal Austria
Slovakia Poland Czech Republic Finland
Spain

3. Feudal Europe Weak central governments and powerful Church
Result: Tensions between popes and emperors

4. Middle Ages
AKA AGE OF FAITH

5. So, Who Does What??? Pope Gelasius I theory
The Pope should bow to the emperor in political matters
The emperor should bow to the pope in spiritual matters.

6. Structure of The Church
Pope is supreme authority
Clergy (religious officials) includes bishops and priests
Bishops supervise priests, settle Church disputes
Priests—main contact with people

7. Religion Unifies
Feudalism and manor system created divisions, but Church bonds people
Village church is place of worship and celebration
Clergy administers sacraments (rites to achieve salvation)

8. Baptism—Another Sacrament

9. Superstitions Preparing a table with three knives
Believing that a person could change into the shape of a wolf
Believing that the croak of a raven or meeting a priest would bring a person good or bad luck

10. How to Live
Canon law—Church law
Governs marriages and religious practices
Clergy, nobles, kings, and everyone else subject to canon law
Courts to try people accused of violations

11. Pope Power!!
Excommunication-banishment from Church, denial of salvation
Interdict
king’s subjects denied sacraments and services

12. The Church and the Holy Roman Empire
Otto I Allies with the Church
King of Germany in 936
Limits strength of nobles
Gains support of clergy
Invades Italy on pope’s behalf and pope crowns him emperor in 962
Holy Roman Empire

13. Voltaire’s Interesting Idea
The 18th century French philosopher Voltaire once wrote that the Holy Roman Empire “is neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire.” What might Voltaire have meant by this?
It was neither controlled by the pope nor ruled from Rome, and it wasn’t large or cohesive enough to be an empire.

14. Problems at the Top
Lay Investiture—kings appointing Church officials (especially bishops)
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII
1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture
Henry IV (German emperor)-calls Gregory a false monk and orders him to resign

15. Problems at the Top Gregory VII excommunicates Henry
German bishops and princes side with the pope
Henry IV begs for forgiveness
Pope Gregory VII forgives Henry in 1077, but lay investiture problem is not solved
1122 Concordat of Worms—pope chooses bishops, but the emperor can veto person selected

16. Hmmm…
Why were the pope and the emperor willing to accept the terms of the Concordat or Worms?
Each felt he had gained some power.

17. More Conflicts The Reign of Frederick I (“Barbarosa”)
In 1152, elected king by 7 German princes
First to officially call his empire the “Holy Roman Empire”

18. Frederick I Invades the rich cities of Italy which angers the Pope
Frederick’s enemies (merchants and Pope) form an alliance called the Lombard League
Frederick I is defeated because the League has crossbows.
Empire collapses after Frederick’s death in 1190 (drowning)

19. German States Remain Separate
German kings after Frederick try to revive empire
German princes, who elect kings, prefer to keep them weak
German rulers not as powerful as English and French kings.