1. Metabolism
all the chemical reactions by which cells use and acquire energy.
Anabolism:
involves building of complex molecules from simple molecules
this requires energy
Catabolism:
involves the breaking down of complex molecules into smaller ones
this process results in the acquisition of energy
in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP
Cellular Metabolism (Cellular Respiration):
how each cell transfers glucose and oxygen into ATP

2. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

3. Dehydration Synthesis

4. Hydrolysis

5. Glucose Regulation
Pancreas

6. Pancreatic Cells

7. Pancreatic Cell Physiology
Glucagon
Insulin

8. Glucose Triggers Insulin Release
Pancreatic
Beta Cell
Glucose Triggers Insulin Release
Glucose enters cell
And generates ATP
ATP Closes K+ channels
And opens Ca++ channels
Ca++ untethers Insulin
Allowing Insulin Release

9. Mitochondria Anatomy Inner Compartment Outer Compartment
Inner Membrane
Outer Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cristae

10. Cellular Respiration - Summary
Input:
+ 6 O2
Four Steps:
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate
Oxidation
3. TCA Cycle
4. Electron
Transport
Chain
Output: 6 CO2
6 H2O
32-34 ATP

11. 1. Glycolysis first step in cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol
does NOT require O2
input is:
1 glucose molecule
2 ATP molecules
output is:
2 pyruvate molecules
4 ATP molecules
2 NADH molecules
2 H+ ions
yield is:

12. 2. Pyruvate Oxidation requires O2 input is: output is: yield is:
2 pyruvate molecules
output is:
2 acetyl CoA molecules
2 CO2 molecules
2 NADH molecules
2 H+ ions
yield is:

13. 3. KREBS Cycle requires O2 input is: output is: yield is:
2 acetyl CoA molecules
output is:
9 biochemical reactions
yield is:
2 ATP molecules
4 CO2 molecules
6 NADH molecules
6 H+ ions
2 FADH2 molecules
2 GTP molecules

14. 4. Electron Transport Chain
requires O2
input is:
10 NADH molecules
10 H+ ions
2 FADH2 molecules
output is:
10 NAD+ molecules
2 FAD+ molecules
32-34 ATP molecules
yield is:

15. Other Glucose Modifications
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
from lipids
Gluconeogenesis
from proteins

16. Diabetes Mellitus
Type I (IDDM): Juvenile Onset (childhood and puberty)
Insulin-Producing cells are impaired
Greatly reduced or absolute deficiency of insulin
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (excessive eating)
Polyuria (excessive urination)
Type II (NIDDM): Maturity Onset (usually >40)
Risk increases with age and excessive weight (80% are obese)
90% of all Diabetes cases
Can often be maintained with diet and exercise
Insulin-Producing cells are functional
Cells may make enough or too much insulin

17. Table 4-7, p. 122