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WPB Top of the Morning
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Comparing invertebrates and chordates
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Ch 29 and 33 Vocab 1. Radial Symmetry 2. Bilateral Symmetry 3. Cephalization 4. Coelom 5. Intracellular Digestion 6. Extracellular Digestion 7. Open Circulatory System 8. Closed Circulatory System 9. Hydrostatic Skeleton 10. Exoskeleton 11. Endoskeleton 12. External Fertilization 13. Internal Fertilization 14. Notochord 15. Adaptive Radiation 16. Ectotherm 17. Endotherm 18. Alveolus
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Activity Come up with as a group, groups of animals- from simple to complex. 10 groups of animals. 5 minutes.
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In your groups, research and find 3 characteristics for each group. Work together, but each person writes it in notebook. Title it Animal Classification.
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Comparing Invertebrates and Chordates
-Specialization increases as organisms become larger and more complex. -Specialized cells join together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. -The systems work together to perform complex functions.
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Those functions include: -Response -Digestion -Gas Exchange -Circulation -Movement -Support
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Single Celled Ancestor
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Mollusks Radial Symmetry Roundworms Flatworms Cnidarians Radial Symmetry Sponges Bilateral Symmetry Tissues Multi-celluarity Single Celled Ancestor
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Invertebrate Evolutionary Trends -Specialization -Sponges and cnidarians have little specialization. -Flatworms begin to show simple organs for digestion, excretion, response, and reproduction. -Mollusks and arthropods have organ systems.
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Body Plans All invertebrates, except sponges, have some type of body symmetry. -Radial Symmetry: Body parts repeat around center of body (Sea stars, sea anemones)
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Bilateral Symmetry: Body in which a single, imaginary line divides the body into two equal halves. (worms, arthropods, mollusks) -most invertebrates with bilateral symmetry have segmented bodies.
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Organisms with bilateral symmetry rely on movement for feeding, defense, and other important functions. This lifestyle was accompanied by the trend toward cephalization. -The concentration of sensory organs in the front of the body. (Formation of a head) How does cephalization benefit an animal?
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WPB Growing Old
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From looking at the diagram, what groups of animals don’t have tissues?
Chordates Sponges Echinoderms Mollusks
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Single Celled Ancestor
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods Annelids Mollusks Radial Symmetry Roundworms Flatworms Cnidarians Radial Symmetry Sponges Bilateral Symmetry Tissues Multi-celluarity Single Celled Ancestor
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Chordates Sponges Annelids Cnidarians
From looking at the diagram, what are mollusks most closely related to? Chordates Sponges Annelids Cnidarians
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What type of symmetry does the following picture show?
Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Circular symmetry Symmetrical symmetry
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What term describes the formation of a head?
Chordates Cephalization Headogenesis Specialization
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Activity: Identifying invertebrates
For each unknown, answer the following questions Using the list we made last time, and the characteristics you came up with, what group do you think the animal belongs to? What are the distinguishing traits of the animal? Are they harmful or beneficial? Do they have organ systems? What type of symmetry do they show? Do they have cephalization? Using the list we made last time, and the characteristics you came up with, what group do you think the animal belongs to? What are the distinguishing traits of the animal? Are they harmful or beneficial? Do they have organ systems? What type of symmetry do they show? Do they have cephalization?
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Are leeches good or bad?
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Digestion The simplest animals break down food through the process of intracellular digestion. -Breakdown of materials inside individual cells. More complex animals use extracellular digestion. -Breakdown of materials outside cells.
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Invertebrates have many different ways of obtaining food
Invertebrates have many different ways of obtaining food. -Feeding and digestion help maintain homeostasis. -Allows for a constant supply of nutrients. Invertebrates have a variety of digestive systems. -Some have only 1 opening. -Some have 2. -Those with 2 usually have a one-way digestive tract. What is the difference between intracellular and extracellular digestion?
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Cnidarians and flatworms tend to have the simplest digestive systems
Cnidarians and flatworms tend to have the simplest digestive systems. -Consist of gastrovascular cavity -Intracellular and extracellular digestion can occur Intestine Gizzard Crop Pharynx Mouth/Anus Gastrovascular Cavity Cnidarian Annelid Anus Mouth Gastrovascular Cavity Arthropod Crop Pharynx Anus Pharynx Flatworm Stomach and digestive glands Mouth/Anus Intestine Rectum
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The digestive system of vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits. -Carnivores typically have a short digestive tract. -Herbivores typically have long digestive tracts. Esophagus Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow Stomach Intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Cloaca Crop Gizzard Cecum Rectum
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Most animals have an excretory system that rids the body of metabolic wastes and controls the amount of water in their tissues. Flame cells Flatworms Excretory Tubules Excretory Pore Nephrostome Flame Cell Excretory Tubule Nephridia Digestive Tract Annelid Arthropod Malpigian Tubules
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Gas Exchange -All animals need to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment.
Nostrils, mouth, and throat Trachea Lung Pigeon Air Sac Primate Lizard Salamander
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In gas exchange, a lot of surface area means greater gas exchange
In gas exchange, a lot of surface area means greater gas exchange. Gas diffuses more efficiently across a thin, moist membrane. All respiratory systems share 2 things: -Respiratory organs have large surface areas that are in contact with air or water. -Respiratory surfaces must be kept moist. Membranes where gas exchange occurs must be thin.
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Chordates use gill or lungs -Aquatic chordates use gills for respiration. -Terrestrial chordates use lungs. In mammals, the lungs are extensively branched with thousands of alveoli. -Endothermic organisms require large amounts of energy because of their high metabolic rate.
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In most lungs, air moves in and out through the same passageway
In most lungs, air moves in and out through the same passageway. -Birds have a one way flow of air through the lungs.
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Invertebrates will have a variety of respiratory structures
Invertebrates will have a variety of respiratory structures. -Aquatic inverts, like mollusks, have gills. -Terrestrial inverts will use book lungs, spiracles, and or tracheal tubes. Gill Tracheal Tubes Siphons Spiracles Movement of water Mollusk Insect Airflow Spider Book Lung
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Some organisms have the ability to respire through their skin
Some organisms have the ability to respire through their skin. Some organisms have both gills and lungs.
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Circulation All multicellular animals require a constant supply of oxygen. -Most complex animals move blood through their bodies using one or more hearts to transport oxygen. -Circulatory systems can be either an open or closed system. -Closed systems can be a single loop or double loop.
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Both Systems will use a heart or heart-like pump to move the blood
Both Systems will use a heart or heart-like pump to move the blood. -In open systems, blood is only partially contained within the vessels. -In closed systems, blood is contained entirely within the vessels. Hearts Heart-like structure Heart Blood Vessels Sinuses and Organs Blood Vessels Heart-like structure Insect: Open Circulatory System Annelid: Closed Circulatory System
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In chordates we find two types of closed systems: Single loop and Double loop. -Most vertebrates that use gills have a single loop circulatory system. -Blood travels in one circuit from the heart to the gills to the body back to the heart. -Vertebrates that use lungs have a double loop circulatory system. -The first loop carries blood between the heart and the lungs. -The second loop carries blood between the heart and body.
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Single-Loop Circulatory System
Double-Loop Circulatory System Crocodiles, birds, and mammals Fishes Most Reptiles
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During the course of chordate evolution, the heart developed chambers and partitions. -These help separate oxygen-rich blood and oxygen-poor blood traveling in the circulatory system. -Fish have a two-chambered heart -Amphibians and reptiles have a three-chambered heart. -Crocodilians, birds, and mammals have a four- chambered heart.
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WPB Big fuss over nothing
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Response Nervous systems collect and process info from the environment
Response Nervous systems collect and process info from the environment. This allows animals to respond. Nerve nets are the simplest nervous systems found in cnidarian Invertebrates show three trends in the evolution of the nervous system.
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Centralization -Roundworms and flatworms have nerve cells more concentrated and clumps of nerve tissue (ganglia) in the head. Arthropod Brain Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Mollusk Flatworm Cnidarian
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2. Cephalization -In mollusks and arthropods the ganglia have developed into a brain which controls and coordinates the system. Arthropod Brain Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Mollusk Flatworm Cnidarian
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-More complex organisms have developed specialized sense organs.
3. Specialization -More complex organisms have developed specialized sense organs. -Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than can more simple invertebrates. Brain Arthropod Ganglia Ganglia Brain Nerve Cells Mollusk Flatworm Cnidarian
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Nonvertebrate chordates have a relatively simple nervous system with a mass of nerve cells that form a brain. Vertebrates have a more complex brain. -They have a high degree of cephalization. -The brain will be divided into different regions. -Each region will control different functions.
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The size and complexity of the cerebrum and cerebellum increase as you move from fish to mammals.
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The control of body temperature is important for maintaining homeostasis in many vertebrates particularly in habitats where temperature varies widely with time of day and season. -Most fish, amphibians, and reptiles are ectotherms. (cold- blooded) -Birds and mammals are endotherms. (warm-blooded)
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Body Temperature (degrees C)
Environmental Temperature (degrees C)
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WPB Love at first sight
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What is it called when there is a group of nerve cells together that form a ganglia?
Cephalization Centralization Specialization Gangliazation
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What type of animals rely on the outside temperature to control their body temperature?
Endotherms Ectotherms Warm-Blooded Outside-blooded
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What type of circulatory Systems do most mammals have?
Open circulatory system Closed Circulatory – Single loop system Closed Circulatory – Double loop system
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Movement and support -The muscular and skeletal systems make it possible to control movement. -Most invertebrates have one of three main kinds of skeletal systems. -Hydrostatic skeletons: muscles surround a fluid filled body cavity. -Found in cnidarians and annelids.
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Exoskeleton: hard body covering made of chitin, muscles attach to the inside of the skeleton. -found in arthropods.
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Endoskelton: the structural support is inside the body
Endoskelton: the structural support is inside the body. -Echinoderms have calcified plates.
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Vertebrates have an endoskeleton -Vertebrates are much more mobile
Vertebrates have an endoskeleton -Vertebrates are much more mobile. -Muscles and ligaments attach the appendages to the backbone and help control movement. -Most have fin girdles or limb girdles that support the appendages -Usually two pair of appendages. -In mammals their legs are straight under them to support the body weight.
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Type of Skeleton Hydrostatic Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Sponges Simple (spicules or spongin) Cnidarians X Flatworms X Roundworms X Type of Skeleton Hydrostatic Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Annelids X Mollusks Some Some (shells) Arthropods X Echinoderms X
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Reproduction -Most invertebrates reproduce sexually during at least part of their life cycle. -Almost all chordates reproduce sexually. -Depending on environmental conditions many invertebrates may also reproduce asexually. -Budding and fragmentation
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Most animals are either male of female -Some are hermaphrodites producing both male and female gametes. In external fertilization the eggs are fertilized outside of the female’s body. -Found in most invertebrates, many fish, and amphibians. In internal fertilization eggs are fertilized inside the female body. -Found in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Development of fertilized eggs -Oviparous: eggs develop outside the body -Birds, fish, and amphibians -Ovoviviparous: eggs develop internally, birth of live young -Sharks -Viviparous: embryo gets nutrients from mother’s body. -Mammals
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Over the course of evolution the appearance of new adaptations has launched adaptive radiations in chordate groups. Nonvertebrate chordates Jawless fishes Cartilaginous fishes Bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals
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Chordates have the following key features Notochord
Dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal pouches Muscular tail which is A flexible supporting structure
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Comparing Invertebrates Comparing Invertebrates
Major Characteristics Germ Layers Body Symmetry Cephalization Coelom Early Development Sponges Absent — Cnidarians Two Radial Absent — Flatworms Three Bilateral Present Absent Protostome Roundworms Three Bilateral Present Pseudocoelom Protostome Comparing Invertebrates Major Characteristics Germ Layers Body Symmetry Cephalization Coelom Early Development Annelids Three Bilateral Present True coelom Protostome Mollusks Three Bilateral Present True coelom Protostome Arthropods Three Bilateral Present True coelom Protostome Echinoderms Three Radial (adults) Absent (adults) True coelom Deuterostome
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Comparing Functions of Chordates
Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Non- vertebrate Chordates Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Gills and diffusion No true chambers Gills and gill slits Simple; mass of nerve cells Fishes Gills/air sacs Single loop; 2 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Amphibians (adult) Simple lungs and skin Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney and gills Cephalization; small cerebrum Reptiles Lungs Double loop; 3 chambers Kidney Cephalization; small cerebrum Birds Lungs (tubes and air sacs; one-way flow) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum Mammals Lungs (alveoli) Double loop; 4 chambers Kidney Cephalization; large cerebrum
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Comparing Functions of Chordates
Movement Reproduction Temperature Control Muscles, no bones External fertilization Ectothermic Non- vertebrate Chordates Fishes Muscles on either side of backbone External fertilization Ectothermic Amphibians (adult) Amphibians (adult) Limbs stick out sideways; muscles and ligaments External fertilization Ectothermic Reptiles Limbs point directly toward ground; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Ectothermic Birds Upper limbs are wings; 2 feet; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization; shelled egg Endothermic Mammals 2 or 4 legs; walk with legs straight under them; muscles and ligaments Internal fertilization and development Endothermic
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