1. PA 475 Clinical Anatomy & Physiology Dr. Tony Serino
Introduction
“The nature of the body is the beginning of medical science.” Hippocrates ~350 B.C.E
PA 475
Clinical Anatomy & Physiology
Dr. Tony Serino

2. Intro: Topic Objectives
Be able to identify basic body plan that underlies all anatomy
Be able to apply concept of internal vs. external environments of body
Be able to use the language of anatomy to describe and identify anatomical and pathological features
Describe and apply the reflex arc to homeostatic control

3. Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy –study of body structures and their relationships
Physiology –study of body mechanisms (homeostasis)
Andreas Vesalius’s De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body) 1543 AD; was the founding work on which Anatomy is based

4. Types of Anatomy
Regional Anatomy –study of body structure by focusing on a specific part, region, or subregion including all of its systemic features. Useful for:
Understanding 3D arrangements of structures
Layers of the body
The relationships among its structures
Surface Anatomy –study of body surface, referencing what lies beneath
Useful for visualization of internal anatomy
Used in medical diagnosis (palpation) and treatment
Systemic Anatomy –study of body structure focusing on organ systems
The way most undergrad anatomy is taught

5. Systems and related Medical Field
Integumentary Dermatology
Skeletal Osteology
Joints Arthrology
Muscular Mycology
Nervous Neurology
Circulation Angiology
Heart Cardiology
Digestion Gastroenterology
Respiratory Pulmonology
Urinary Urology
Reproductive Gynecology (female), Andrology (male)
Endocrine Endocrinology
Orthropedics

6. Body Plan Tube within a tube Bilateral Symmetry
Internal vs. External environment
Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord

7. Body Cavities
(Peritoneal cavity)

8. Serous Membranes & Mesenteries
Mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) lining the body cavities (parietal) and their organs (visceral)
Each membrane is named for the cavity it lines
Form double membranes which suspend organs within cavities
True mesenteries connect the body wall to the organ
Ligaments connect organ to organ

9. Visceral vs. Parietal Parietal membrane
Body Cavity filled with serous fluid
Visceral membrane

10. Pericardium

11. Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Pleural cavity

12. Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
Visceral Peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity

13. Body Plan Tube within a tube Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord
Body Planes
Anatomical Position

14. Body Plan Tube within a tube Bilateral Symmetry
Dorsal Hollow Nerve cord
Anatomical directions.

15. Anatomical Variation
Things one never wants to hear in the OR.
Anatomy described here represents 70% of the population
Expect variation in specimens
Veins vary most, arteries and nerves the least.
Ooops! Didn’t expect this in the abdomen.

16. Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment
Uses a reflex arc to self regulate
Reflex functions to maintain a certain set point with a narrow physiological range

17. Set Point and Range

18. Factors Affecting Homeostasis
Feedback –negative or positive
Feed-forward regulation
Acclimatization
Biorhythms

19. Body Fluids
Transcellular fluids are filtrates of the plasma

20. Important Ions

21. Systems Overview
Next few lectures will deal with anatomy and physiology that is represented throughout most regions of the body.
Systems include: Integument, Skeletal, Muscular, Vessels (CV and Lymphatic), and Nervous Systems