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Kingdom Animalia Introduction.

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Presentation on theme: "Kingdom Animalia Introduction."— Presentation transcript:

1 Kingdom Animalia Introduction

2 What is an Animal? Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. Animals have the following types of tissues: Epithelial (skin like) muscular connective nervous

3 Invertebrates Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebral column. They include sponges, sea stars, clams, worms, jellyfishes, and insects.

4 Vertebrates The other 5% of animals are vertebrates.
Vertebrates have a backbone. Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

5 Essential Functions: Throughout this unit, you will be responsible for knowing how the animals carry out these essential functions: Feeding – digestion - elimination respiration circulation excretion response movement reproduction

6 Feeding Herbivores eat plants. Carnivores eat other animals.
Omnivores feed on both plants and animals. Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animal material. Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water. Digestion: where? How? Structures involved? Elimination: where? Structures involved?

7 Respiration and Circulation
Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire—they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide. What specialized structures are required for this – if any? Animals transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and waste products among all their cells through either simple diffusion or some kind of circulatory system

8 Excretion Ammonia is a waste product of cells and a poisonous substance. It is a waste product of the break down of nitrogen containing molecules in the body – we sometimes will refer to these as “N- wastes” Most animals have an excretory system that eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

9 Response and Movement Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells, called nerve cells. In most animals, nerve cells form a nervous system. Some animals stay at a single spot (sessile), but most can move (motile). Most animals have muscles or muscle-like tissues. Muscle contraction enables motile animals to move around by working in combination with a support structure called a skeleton. Muscles also help even sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.

10 Reproduction Most animals reproduce sexually.
This helps to create and maintain genetic diversity in populations and improve species’ abilities to evolve when the environment changes. Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually. This produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly.

11 Trends in Animal Evolution

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13 Classification Techniques
Animals are often classified based on several characteristics: Body Symmetry – three types: 1. Asymmetry (no symmetry) 2. Radial Symmetry 3. Bilateral symmetry Germ Layers: The word germ means grow - the germ layers in animals grow to form the various tissues and organs No Germ Layers 2 Germ Layers: Diploblastic 3 Germ Layers: Triploblastic

14 Classification Techniques
Body Plan: The type of body cavity (coelom) Segmentation: leads to specialization and body regions Non-Segmented Segmented Segmentation with specialized appendages

15 Body Symmetry Except for sponges, every animal exhibits some body symmetry in its structure. Sponges are said to be asymmetrical Many simple animals, like the sea anemone, have body parts that repeat around the center of the body. These animals exhibit radial symmetry, in which any number of imaginary planes can be drawn through the center, each dividing the body into equal halves.

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17 In animals with bilateral symmetry, only one imaginary plane can divide the body into two equal halves—left and right. The anterior is the front end. The posterior is the back end. The dorsal is the upper side. The ventral is the lower side.

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19 Cephalization Animals with bilateral symmetry exhibit cephalization, which is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body.

20 Germ Layers: A. No Germ Layers B. Diploblastic
This is the most primitive as these animals develop no true tissues or organs B. Diploblastic Two germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm Ectoderm: outer layer (forms skin and nervous system) Endoderm: inner layer (forms lining of digestive tract) C. Triploblastic: three germ layers Mesoderm grows between the ectoderm and endoderm. Forms muscle and most of remaining internal organs This is the highest level of tissue organization

21 As animals evolved, their tissues and tissues types became more complex.
Sponges do not have true tissues, but their cells work together to form layers. They have an epidermis, a mesoglea (not really a tissue) and collar cells that work together and form an endoderm-like tissue. Cnidarians (jellyfish and Sea anemonies) contain true tissues in the form of endoderm, ectoderm, and a mesoglea (not a true tissue)

22 Animals from here on – worms, insects, clams, squid, sea stars, and vertebrates all have endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm.

23 Body Plan The way tissues are arranged in the general body plan become more complex as body cavities (or coeloms) developed. Most animals have a body cavity, a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and body wall. A body cavity provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not pressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements.

24 Segmentation Non Segmented: no specialized sections
Segmented: identical repeating sections All segments of these worm are almost identical

25 C. Segmented with specialization
Body segments fuse together to become body regions which focus on one set of tasks

26 Zygote Development: The age old story: egg + sperm = zygote
But then what? The cells continue to divide via Mitosis and the cells start to take shape. One thing to notice is when gastrulation (the making of the digestive system/cavity) occurs, the first opening can become either the mouth or the anus

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