1. 385 EXAM 2 REVIEW

2. TEMPLE MEDICINE

3. Incubation
• purification (bathing, change of clothes, sprinkling of water) before entry into sacred precinct • sacrifice of inexpensive offerings: honeycakes, cheesecakes, figs • evening entry into abaton • segregation of male and female patients • sleep in abaton immediate • repeat until dream (oneiros) provides cure mediated • upon recovery, thanks-offering (eukharistêrion) made • animal sacrifice to Asklepios and Hygieia • on certain occasions, testimonial engraved and displayed

4. What Explains Asklepiadic Testimonia?

5. What Explains Asklepiadic Testimonia?
• Deceitful claim? • Placebo effect? • Natural cure? • Seriousness of condition? • Nature of “cure”? • Genuine miracle?

6. MAGIC & SCIENCE

7. ANCIENT SCIENCE
ANCIENT MAGIC
theory over application
observable events explained in terms of non-observables (kryptomena)
effects produced by manipulating kryptomena
deterministic causal network
impersonal idiom (dynameis)
language active, efficacious, creative
techniques performed by neutral agent
public knowledge, openness to criticism
private (often “banned”) knowledge
failure results from (1) faulty theory, (2) flawed implementation or experimentation
failure results from (1) flawed implementation, (2) counter-magic, (3) character of agent, (4) chance
acknowledged (if poorly understood) by society at large

8. ANCIENT SCIENCE
ANCIENT MAGIC
theory over application
practice over theory
observable events explained in terms of non-observables (kryptomena)
effects produced by manipulating kryptomena
deterministic causal network
impersonal idiom (dynameis)
mixed idiom: personal (daimonia) and impersonal (dynameis)
language neutral, descriptive
language active, efficacious, creative
techniques performed by neutral agent
techniques performed by involved agent
public knowledge, openness to criticism
private (often “banned”) knowledge
failure results from (1) faulty theory, (2) flawed implementation or experimentation
failure results from (1) flawed implementation, (2) counter-magic, (3) character of agent, (4) chance
acknowledged (if poorly understood) by society at large

9. MAGIC MEDICINE

10. Aims in PGM AIM NUMBER/PERCENT Healing 109/21% Knowledge 102/20% Love
98/19%
Injury
61/12%
Miscellaneous
44/8.5%
Success
42/8.2%
Safety
22/4.3%
Invocation
Service
7/1.4%
Horoscopes and General Astrology
6/1.2%

11. plant, herb drug, potion medicine pharmakon poison magic charm scapegoat

12. Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth
Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth ... according to its curative benefit"

13. Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth
Doctrine of Signatures "Nature marks each growth ... according to its curative benefit"
• appearance of natural material : body part :: sign : signified • sign indicates therapeutic benefit relative to corresponding part • appearance of natural material : innate property :: sign : signified

14. BINDING-SPELLS & LOVE CHARMS

15. Curse (katadesmos)
•preparation / consecration of lamella • invocation (agents / messengers) * chthonic deity (Hades, Persephone, Hekate, Hermes) * kakodaimon * nekydaimon • designation of victim *identification of name and family *enumeration of parts • list of desired results • promise / threat • self-identification as god or daimon • deposition of lamella • graveyard; grave of recently deceased child • underground watercourse

16. Performatives
• What does uttering a performative do? • Can performatives be negative? • How are performatives verified?

17. Performatives
• Uttering a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a kind of action rather than the description of a thing, an action, or a state. • Uttering a performative changes the reality to which it applies. This can include the speaker, the addressee, both, or some general situation. • Performative utterances can be positive or negative: they can instate or cancel a state of affairs. • Since performative utterances are not deictic or referential, they are not subject to verifiability: they cannot be true or false, and so are not evaluable on those terms. • Performative utterances are instead evaluable in terms of appropriateness of context and (sometimes) effectiveness.

18. ERÔS (philtrokatadesmos, agôgê) LOVE CHARMS PHILIA (philtron, kharis)

19. LOVE CHARMS

20. philtrokatadesmos ERÔS agôgê

21. philtrokatadesmos (binding spell) ERÔS agôgê (fetching spell)

22. Eros Charm
• attraction (agôgê) and binding (katadesmos) • restriction of sexual attention to NN alone • restlessness, mental disturbance • loss of physical and emotional self-control • physical torture (binding, inflaming, whipping, piercing) • rejection of husband and family • compulsory movement (agôgê) from natal/conjugal house to house of NN • culmination in intercourse

23. Philia Charm
philtron PHILIA kharis

24. Philia Charm
philtron (love charm) PHILIA kharis (beauty/favor/sex appeal)

25. EROS CHARM
PHILIA CHARM
Terms
agogê, philtrokatadesmos
philtron, kharis
Description
incantation over amulets, knotted cords, rings, potions, ointments
Action
burns, tortures, maddens, impels victim to leave home and come to practitioner
Effect
lust (eros)
affection (philia)
Social context
courtship outsider to destroy loyalty to natal family or spouse
User
man, prostitute
wife, social inferior
Victim
husband, king, other authoritative male

26. EROS CHARM
PHILIA CHARM
Terms
agogê, philtrokatadesmos
philtron, kharis
Description
incantation over bound images, tortured animals, burning materials
incantation over amulets, knotted cords, rings, potions, ointments
Action
burns, tortures, maddens, impels victim to leave home and come to practitioner
binds and mollifies, reduces anger, increases esteem for practitioner; increases sex appeal (kharis) of practitioner
Effect
lust (eros)
affection (philia)
Social context
courtship outsider to destroy loyalty to natal family or spouse
insider within existing relationship in need of repair
User
man, prostitute
wife, social inferior
Victim
young women and men, usually in natal home
husband, king, other authoritative male

27. EVIL EYE

28. Evil Eye
• What effects does evil eye have? • How is evil eye believed to work? • What relation to envy? • What safeguards against evil eye? • What social function?

29. • carrier both human and animal • effects both voluntary and involuntary • dessication of both inanimate objects and living beings • emanationist mechanism • association with envy (invidia) • protection against evil eye • silence/rejection of praise • counter-eye • objects that deflect • assertion of sexual potency • association with liquids • social functions • explanation of misfortune • redirection of guilt • curb on ostentatious display • redistribution of goods

30. PRINCIPLES OF MAGIC

31. actio in distans
What ancient theories explain actio in distans?

32. actio in distans
• emission theory • correspondence (sympathy/antipathy) theory • doctrine of signatures

33. Sir James Frazer (1854-1941) Sympathy / Contagion

34. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Omnipotence of Thought

35. SIMILARITY
CONTAGION
Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic
Contact

36. SIMILARITY
CONTAGION
Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic
Contact
A  X
Y (likeness) = X (original)
A  Y
A  Y = A  X
Y (part) = X (whole)

37. SIMILARITY
CONTACT
Sympathetic, Mimetic, Homeopathic
Contagious
A  X
Y (likeness) = X (original)
A  Y
A  Y = A  X
Y (part) = X (whole)
Metaphor
Synecdoche

38. Some Features of Language
• Language as intersubjective, hence immanently social • Language and the constitution of the experienced world • ordering and understanding • naming and ordering • ordering (however arbitrary) experienced as natural • Language and techniques for reorganizing / reconstituting the experienced world • translation • linguistic tropes (metaphor, synecdoche)

39. DIRT

40. Structuralist Assumptions

41. Structuralist Assumptions
1. There is a human need to classify in order to understand. 2. Classification tends to be binary: BELOW / ABOVE 3. Whatever resists classification causes anxiety: FEMALE ? MALE 4. Transition between categories is potentially dangerous. 5. Whatever resists classification or fails to transition successfully from one category to another is “dirt.” 6. All “dirt” is taboo. 7. Whatever is taboo is powerful.

42. “Dirt” : Matter out of Place
GARDEN
HOUSE
PLATE
“soil”
“dirt”
“filth”

43. MUMBOJUMBO

44. Uses of Language Referential/Deictic This frog is bleeding.
Performative
I curse you, frog!
Expressive/Emotive
Bleed, frog!
Analogical
Just as this frog bleeds…
Metaphorical
The heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit.
Magical
Emotive
Mumbojumbo

45. Uses of Language This frog is bleeding. Performative
I curse you, frog!
Expressive/Emotive
Bleed, frog!
Analogical
The heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit.
Magical

46. Mumbojumbo TROPE EXAMPLE transposition sabaoth / asbotha
psinôther nôpsither thernôpsi
recombination
kuk bakuk bakakuk bakaxikuk
rhyme
abracadabra
mumbojumbo
repetition
(3x), (9x)
palindrome
ablanathanalba
akramakariramamariramakarka
tonic vowel palindrome
a—e—ê—i—o—u—ô—u—i—ê—e—a
numerological cypher
khabrakh thneskêr phikhrô phurô phôkhô bôkh
shape
pterygma, word square, concrete poetry

47. thing  image  word  thing “garlic” spoken = garlic eaten

48. Names & Things
• the naturalness of one’s own language • the essential character of one’s own name •naming rituals •private vs. public names •names and curses •names and invocations (יהוה) • naming and creation

49. Linguistic Sign
Referent
Sign

50. Linguistic Sign
Sign
Referent

51. A rose is a rose is a rose.

52. rose

53. Estrangement in Mumbojumbo
• conventional link between Sign and Signified broken by tropes (rhyme, repetition, etc.) • attention focuses on Sign rather than Signified • transparent Sign becomes thicker and more opaque • Sign becomes thinglike • speech becomes creative

54. DEMONOLOGY

55. daimôn (pl. daimones)

56. (unspecified) god daimôn (pl
(unspecified) god daimôn (pl. daimones) divine power : nymph, ancestor, divinized hero, spirit of the dead...

57. agathodaimôn daimôn kakodaimôn nekydaimôn

58. agathodaimôn (good daimon) daimôn kakodaimôn (evil daimon) nekydaimôn (death daimon)

59. Effects of Alexander’s Conquest

60. Effects of Alexander’s Conquest
• expansion due to conquests by Alexander the Great ( BCE) • sustained contact with cultures of Egypt, Near East, India • cultural and religious syncretism • importation of Babylonian astronomy/astrology in Greek world • importation of exotic daimones

61. Aristotelian Motion
• Two kinds of observable motion: (a) ________ and (b) ________. • Terrestrial motion is _____________________. • Celestial motion is _______________; therefore celestial bodies must be composed of a unique element (_________). • Earth lies at the center of the kosmos, surrounded (ideally) by concentric spheres of _____________________ — moving upwards from most dense to most refined.

62. Aristotelian Physics/Theology
• Forced displacement  terrestrial movement. • Something unmoved  celestial movement. • Source of all movement = Unmoved Mover = God. • God perfect, complete, autonomous, self-absorbed and self-sufficient. • God embodies goal towards which all natural things aim: perfect self-actualization. • Desire to become God  all movement.

63. Aristotelian Physics/Theology
• Forced displacement  terrestrial movement. • Something unmoved  celestial movement. • Source of all movement = _____________________. • _______________ embodies goal towards which all natural things aim: perfect self-actualization. • _______________ all movement.

64. Results of Aristotelian Theology

65. Results of Aristotelian Theology
• increasing gap between mortal and divine worlds • need for mediation between mortal and divine worlds • monotheistic trend  proliferation of daimones • sublunary world as alienated, corrupt, fallen • rise in popularity of foreign cults, supernatural phenomena

66. theurgy
•Universe is hierarchy of serial emanations from the One. •Each order of emanations is subdivided further. •Each subdivision mediated by gods, daimones, souls, guardian spirits, ghosts... •Goal of theurgy: ascent (anagôgê) to and communion/merger with the One. •Means of theurgy: •magic rituals to induce empsychosis •use of symbols to attract daimones and higher souls +gold : cinnamon : heliotrope : rooster : Sun •interrogation of emplaced souls about access to higher levels +discovery of passwords to allow for ascent through gates

67. MANTEIA DIVINATION

68. Types of Divination
manteia

69. Types of Divination
inspired (possession) manteia inductive (technological)

70. Divination
• intersection of emanationism, sympathia, Doctrine of Signatures • universe rationally ordered and expressible as signs (sêmata) • natural world (weather, animals) as privileged bearer of signs • development of technologies of semiology • universe deterministic : illusion of “coincidence” in kledonomancy

71. teratomancy – _____________ augury – _______________ haruspicy – _________________ oneiromancy - __________________ klêdonomancy – _____________

72. teratomancy – abnormal events augury – birdflight and behavior haruspicy – liver of sacrificial victims oneiromancy - dreams klêdonomancy – “chance” events

73. Types of Dreams enupnion oneiros horama _____________________________
allegorical/enigmatic
______________________

74. Types of Dreams enupnion random traces of daily experience
derivative, mundane meaning
oneiros
horama
_____________________________
allegorical/enigmatic
direct visitation by authority figure: dream admonitory and oracular
______________________
indirect meaning in need of interpretation

75. Private Dream  Public Meaning
• immediate (private) dream experience • recollection of dream upon and after waking : secondary elaboration • later discussion of dream with others : tertiary elaboration • influence of cultural (narrative) templates on both secondary and tertiary elaboration • cultural templates embody interpretive frameworks