1. LEARNING METHODS

2. Grammar-translation
The Grammar Translation method introduced the idea of presenting students with short grammar rules and word lists, then do translation exercises in which they had to make use of the same rules and words.

3. Audio-lingualism
Based on Skinner’s Behaviorism theory, it’s assumed that a human being can be trained using a system of reinforcement. Correct behavior receives positive feedback, while errors receive negative feedback.
The Audio-Lingual Method is still in use today, though normally as a part of individual lessons rather than as the foundation of the course. These types of lessons can be popular as they are relatively simple, from the teacher’s point of view, and the learner always knows what to expect.

4. PPP
Presentation – Practice – Production, or PPP, is a method for teaching structures in a foreign language. As its name suggests, PPP is divided into three phases, moving from tight teacher control towards greater learner freedom.

5. CLT
Emphasizes the ability to communicate the meaning of the message, instead of concentrating on grammatical perfection.
Therefore, the understanding of the second language is evaluated in terms of how much the learners have developed their communicative abilities and competencies.

6. Task-Based Learning (TBL)
Task-Based Learning focuses on the use of authentic language through meaningful tasks such as visiting the doctor or a telephone call. This method encourages meaningful communication and is student-centered.