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Macromolecules Chapter 2.

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Presentation on theme: "Macromolecules Chapter 2."— Presentation transcript:

1 Macromolecules Chapter 2

2 Metabolism Metabolism= the sum of all biochemical processes in the body. (The sum of all chemical reactions and processes 2 Types of Metabolism: Anabolism- builds up/synthesizes complex molecules Catabolism- breaks down complex molecules

3 Inorganic Vs Organic. Organic Compounds = Inorganic Compounds =
Four classes of Organic Compounds – 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

4 CHONPS Remember, CHON= 4 most abundant elements in the body
Major components in the body and macromolecules

5 Macromolecules MACRO means __________.
Macromolecules=large organic molecules Macromolecules are polymers (organic molecules made up of monomers) Monomers= the smaller organic molecules that make up polymers or the “building blocks of polymers”

6 Carbohydrates (Carbs)
Sugars Organic compound made of C, H, O in the proportion 1:2:1 Function: to provide and store energy Found in most foods Are made from monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the monomer of carbohydrates. Polysaccharides are the polymers. Why do you think polysaccharides take the body a longer amount of time to break down?

7 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the monomer of carbohydrates. They make up polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are one-sugared molecules (simple sugars) Examples of monosaccharides: Glucose (in blood sugar) Fructose (in fruit and honey) Galactose (in milk) Ribose (found in RNA)

8 Disaccharides Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples:
sucrose = glucose + fructose (common table sugar) lactose = glucose + galactose (sugar found in milk) Maltose = glucose + glucose (product of starch digestion)

9 Polysaccharide C. polysaccharide: many sugar units (two or more monosaccharides) Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) chitin (exoskeletons)

10 Lipids Nonpolar molecule Do not dissolve or dissolves poorly in water
Examples: fats, phospholipids, steroids, oils, triglycerides and waxes Play an important role in the cell membrane Fats – Store energy Glycerol – A three carbon molecule

11 Functions of Lipids 5 functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage (fat) 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against water loss & germs (oils & waxes) 4. Chemical messengers (hormones & steroids) 5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

12 Saturated fats Fatty acid –
Long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them Saturated Fats – Each carbon is bonded to two or three hydrogen atoms Straight molecule Solid at room temperature

13 Unsaturated Fats Unsaturated Fats –
Each carbon is bonded to one, two, or three hydrogen atoms Not a straight molecule Usually liquid at room temperature Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils – Unsaturated fatty acids that are made into saturated fats by adding hydrogen atoms Usually solid at room temperature

14 Proteins Proteins – Large molecule made up of amino acids
Small molecules that make up proteins Twenty different ones Form covalent bonds with each other called peptide bonds Proteins can be very different from each other and serve many different purposes (growth and repair, hormones,enzymes, biochemical reactions)

15 Functions of Proteins 7 functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 6. Enzymes: cellular reactions 7. Defense: antibodies

16 Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids – Large molecule made of nucleotides
Nucleotides – Small molecules that make up nucleic acids Have 3 parts: sugar, base, and a phosphate group Two types: DNA and RNA – each with four kinds of nucleotides

17 Types of Nucleotides Backbone of DNA= phosphate group and a 5 carbon sugar Nitrogenous bases (make up DNA) 4 types Adenine Thymine (Uracil instead of Thymine in RNA) Cytosine Guanine

18 ATP ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
A single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups Used to temporarily store energy released during the breakdown of food The energy will be used in chemical reactions in the body Energy currency of the cell


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