1. Fossils Fossils are traces of organisms from the past.
Index fossils can further determine the age of a fossil or the strata (layers of sedimentary rock) in which it was found.
Index fossils are fossils of organisms that existed only during specific spans of time over a large geographic area.

2. Index Fossils
Keyed to the relative time scale are examples of index fossils, the forms of life which existed during limited periods of geologic time and thus are used as guides to the age of the rocks in which they are preserved.

3. Geologic Time Scale Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old.
The geological time scale is a representation of the history of Earth.
It organizes Earth’s history by major changes or events that have occurred.
The geologic scale uses evidence from the fossils and geologic records.

4. Geologic Time Scale Consists of three basic units of time
Eras: lasts tens to hundreds of million of years and consists of two or more time periods.
Periods: lasts tens of millions of years
Epochs: smallest unit of time and lasts several millions of years.
Periods are the most commonly used unit of time on the geologic time scale.

5. Continues today and includes all modern forms of life
Mammals, flowering plants, grasslands, fish, birds, primates evolved
Reptiles evolved
Dinosaur Era
Oldest Era
Glaciers melted; seas formed
Landmasses/continents formed
All existing animal phyla developed over a short period of time known as the Cambrian Explosion

6. Early Single-Celled Organisms
Cyanobacteria is a bacterium that formed the first known fossil.
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic cells that can undergo photosynthesis
Stromatolites are rocky structures made of layers of cyanobacteria and sediment. The above picture is a fossil of Stromatolites.

7. Evolution of Eukaryotic Cells
How are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic cells have cell nuclei and cell organelles.
All muticellular organisms are eukaryotic.
How did eukaryotic cells evolve? Some suggest by endosymbiosis.

8. Endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis: a relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another, and both benefit from the relationship.
The Theory of Endosymbiosis suggests that early mitochondria and chloroplasts were once simple prokaryotes (bacteria).

9. Endosymbiosis Tutorial Video

10. Primate Evolution
What are Primates? Primates are a category of mammals with flexible hands and feet, forward looking eyes, and enlarged brains relative to body size.
Primates include lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.
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11. The two main
groups of Primates
are: Prosimians
and Anthropoids.
Prosimians are
the oldest living
primate group. They
are small and active
active at night.
Anthropoids are the
humanlike primates.

12. Hominids Within the Anthropoids are Hominoids.
The Hominoids walk upright, have long limbs, thumbs that oppose, and relatively large brains.
Hominids
P Prosimians
Anthropoids