1. Brain Spill
Tell me everything you can about DNA in two minutes (anything you can think of or remember from school, or other stuff you read, or things you just know from life)
… GO.

2. The Structure of the DNA Molecule
The finger print that is inside your body!

3. DNA stands for: D: Deoxyribose N: Nucleic A: Acid
DNA is too small to see, but under a microscope it looks like a twisted up ladder!

4. Every living thing has DNA.
That means that you have something in common with a zebra, a tree, a mushroom and a beetle!!!!

5. What DNA does… Carries information from one generation to the next
Put that information to work by determining heritable characteristics
Must be easily copied since almost every new cell gets a copy

6. DNA Location Eukaryotes: DNA is in the nucleus.
Prokaryotes: the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.

8. DNA Location
Within cells, DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes.
Chromosomes ARE DNA it’s just wound very tightly

9. DNA is made up of steps and rails of a ladder.
This is a rail/backbone: Deoxyribose & Phosphate
“Steps of Ladder:” bases

10. Deciphering DNA's structure.
DNA is made up of subunits called nucleotides.

11. Deciphering DNA's structure.
2) Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

12. Deciphering DNA's structure.
3) There are 4 different bases in a DNA molecule:
adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
thymine (T)

13. Nitrogenous Bases

14. Nucleotide

15. Don’t forget you need two sides!
Stack em’ up
Don’t forget you need two sides!

16. Oooooohhhh!! Aaaaaahhhhh!!!!
A = T
(A pairs with T)
C = G
(C pairs with G)

17. What’s holding the strands together?
HYDROGEN BONDS!!!
Hydrogen Bonds will only form between A and T base pairs as well as between C and G base pairs – this is the principle of base pairing

18. The Central Dogma DNA can make proteins, but proteins cannot make DNA…
It’s a one way
street

19. Protein Synthesis
The process of cells using the instructions in DNA to make proteins
Two parts: Transcription and Translation

20. Transcription DNA is unzipped by RNA Polymerase
Genes are copied from DNA to mRNA (messenger RNA)
Takes place in the nucleus
C pairs with G
A pairs with U

21. RNA vs DNA DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
RNA has a U instead of a T

22. Translation Takes place on a ribosome in the cytoplasm
mRNA is turned into amino acids (building blocks of protein)
mRNA is always read in codons (three nucleotides)
tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the amino acids to match each codon

23. The Genetic code

24. The Genetic Code
Amino Acids
Nitrogenous Bases
mRNA

25. Steps of Translation
The mRNA leaves the nucleus, and travels to the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome.

26. Steps of Translation
2) In order to start, a START codon must be read

27. Amino acid
Then this other guy comes along to help. His name is tRNA. Transfer RNA
tRNA

28. Steps of translation
3. tRNA carries amino acids to match the codons of mRNA.

29. Steps of Translation
3) The amino acid chain becomes longer as more tRNA matches up with mRNA

30. amino acid
tRNA
anticodon
codon (mRNA)

31. The Mechanism continued...
Next tRNA goes here!!!!

32. protein chain continues to grow until a “stop” codon is reached on the mRNA
no tRNA exists for “stop” codons

34. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: All At Once

35. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA
Step 1. TRANSCIPTION
(nucleus)
mRNA
Step 2. TRANSLATION
(ribosome)
tRNA
PROTEIN

36. Why So Many Steps? Why can’t we go straight from DNA to protein?
DNA cannot fit into the ribosome
Allows for amplification
Why don’t we just have RNA instead of DNA?
RNA is not as stable
DNA works better for long term storage