1. Zoology
An Introduction

2. What is an Animal? Are members of Kingdom Animalia Are multicellular
Are Eukaryotic
Are Heterotorphs
Lack cell walls

3. What is an Animal? Multicelluar: Having more than one cell
Eukaryotic: Organisms whose cell
contain a nucleus
Heterotroph: Organisms that obtains
energy from the foods it consumes; also
called a consumer.
Cell Wall: Strong layer around the cell
membrane in plants, algae, & some bacteria.

4. 2 Types of Animals Invertebrates: Animals that do not
have a backbone or a vertebral column
Vertebrates: Animals that has a
vertebral column, or backbone

5. The Cambrian Explosion
Cambrian Explosion:  Beginning 542 million years ago Cambrian Period, during which most major animal phyla appeared, as indicated by the fossil record.
Lasting for about 20 – 30 million years, it resulted in the divergence (appearance) of most modern phyla.

6. The Cambrian Explosion
It's important to remember that what we call "the fossil record" is only the available fossil record.
In order to be available to us, the remains of ancient plants and animals have to be preserved first, and this means that they need to have fossilizable parts and to be buried in an environment that will not destroy them. 
Lobopod

7. The Cambrian Explosion
Why did so many phyla appear during this time period?
Some point to the increase in oxygen that began around 700 million years ago, providing fuel for movement and the evolution of more complex body structures.
Others propose that an extinction of life just before the Cambrian opened up ecological roles (niches), or "adaptive space," that the new forms used. 
Opabinia

8. What Animals Do to Survive
Animals carry out the following essential functions:
1. Feed
2. Respire
3. Circulation
4. Excrete
5. Respond
6. Move
7. Reproduce

9. Essential Functions Feeding: Animals feed in a large variety of ways.
Carnivore: Eats meat ONLY
Herbivore: Eats plants ONLY
Omnivore: Eats meat & plants
Detritivore: Feeds on plant and animal remains
and other dead matter called detritus
(Includes poop).

10. Additional Types of Feeders
Insectivores: Eats insects only
Piscivores: Eat fish only

11. Additional Types of Feeders
Frugivores: Eats fruits
These animals are seed dispersers which is important for plants and a healthy forest
The advantages of seed dispersal may have led to the evolution of fleshy fruits, which entice animals to eat the fruits and move the plants seeds from place to place.
Mammal and bird species represent the majority of seed dispersing species.

12. Additional Types of Feeders
Grainivores: Eats seeds only
Mainly birds, mammals, and insects
Destroys the seeds
To counterbalance effects of predation, plants have evolved defenses such as seed morphology (size, shape, toughness) and chemical defenses to defend against their seed predators
Nectarivores: Eats nectar only
Includes butterflies, hummingbirds, bees, and many bats
Very important plant pollinators

13. Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
Some animals form symbiotic relationships.
Symbiosis: Is the relationship in which two species live closely together
a. Mutualism
b. Commensalism
c. Parasitism

14. Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
a. Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.

15. Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
b. Commensalism: Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Barnacles on a Whale

16. Essential Functions: Feeding Continued
c. Parasitism: Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism and harms it.

17. Reed Warbler feeding a common cuckoo baby
This is called Brood Parasitism

18. Brown Headed Cow Bird

19. Essential Functions
Respiration: Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire, which means they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
Some can rely on diffusion of these substances through their skin
Most have evolved complex tissues and organ systems for respiration like gills & lungs

20. Essential Functions
Circulation: Many aquatic animals (ex: aquatic worms) rely solely on diffusion to transport oxygen & waste.
Sponges and Starfish use water to transport materials around their bodies
Larger animals use blood in their circulatory system to move materials around within their bodies.

21. Essential Functions
Excretion: A primary waste product of cellular metabolism is ammonia, a poisonous substance that contains nitrogen.
A buildup of ammonia & other wastes would kill an animal
Scat
Guano (birds/bats)
Dung
Droppings

22. Essential Functions
Response: Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called nerve cells.
Primitive animals do NOT have a brain, just a network of cells.
Nerve cells are receptors that respond to sound, light, and other stimuli.
Advanced animals have a brain.

23. Essential Functions
Movement: Some live their entire lives attached to a single spot.
Most are motile meaning that they move

24. Essential Functions Reproduction: Sexually and asexually.
Sexual reproduction uses gametes
Maintains genetic diversity in populations
Helps species evolve when the environment changes
Asexual reproduction does NOT use gametes
Many reproduce asexually & allows to increase numbers rapidly (inverts.)
Fragmentation & Budding are the most common in animals.

25. Symmetry
Radial Symmetry: Body is arranged in a circle like the spokes of a wheel.
* Do NOT have a single concentration of nerve cells (brain).
These animals are considered primitive.
They have 2 sides
* Oral: Mouth side
* Aboral: Opposite side of the mouth

26. Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry: Most animals are bilaterally symmetrical with a line of symmetry dividing their body into left and right sides along with a "head" and "tail" in addition to a top and bottom.

27. Bilateral Symmetry
If cut in half long-ways, each side is a mirror image.
Bilateral animals have a concentration of sensory and nerve cells that make up the brain located in the anterior end is called cephalization (head).
Bilateral Symmetrical animals are the most advanced.
Includes worms, insects & vertebrates

28. Symmetry
Asymmetry: Sponges are multicellular animals, unique in many ways. They are the only group of animals that can be classified as asymmetric, which means they possess no symmetry at all.
There is no plane through their bodies where you could cut
them in half to produce two mirror images.

29. Bilateral Symmetry Anterior End = Front/head End
Posterior End = Tail End
Dorsal Side = Upper/back/top Side
Ventral Side = Lower/stomach/under Side

30. Animal Groupings to Know
Group Name
Sea Lions & Breeding birds & Penguins
Rookery
Baboons
Troop
Ants
Colony, Army, Swarm, Nest
Bass/fish
Shoal or school
Baby birds
Brood or clutch
Camels
Caravan
Crows
Murder or Horde
Dogs & wolves
Pack
Flying Hawks
Kettle
Hawks in general
Cast
Jellyfish
Smack or brood or swarm
Monkeys
Troop or tribe

31. Animal Groupings to Know
Group Name
Otters
Romp or raft
Porcupines
Prickle
Salmon
Run
Group of females (seals)
Harem
Walrus
Herd or pod
Weasels
Gang
Bears
Sleuth
Lion
Pride
Deer
Herd or mob
Frogs
Army or knot
Hippopotamus
Herd or bloat
Hummingbirds
Charm