1. Earth System History
Part 6

2. Precambrian 4.5 to 3.8 billion years ago. Solar system forms

3. Protoplanet: a hypothetical whirling gaseous mass within a giant cloud of gas and dust that rotates around a sun and is believed to give rise to a planet.

4. Precambrian
Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eon’s -

5. Precambrian
Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eon’s -

6. Precambrian
Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eon’s -

7. Precambrian
Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic Eon’s -

8. Earth’s molten layers form (Denser materials go to the middle / core)
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9. Formation of Earth’s Crust (cooling).
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11. Meteorites bombard the planet.
The earth increases in size.
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12. Meteorites bombard the planet.
The earth increases in size.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

13. Meteorites bombard the planet.
The earth increases in size.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

14. How did the moon get here / form?

15. Theories on how moon was formed?
The Fission Theory: The Moon was once part of the Earth and somehow separated from the Earth early in the history of the Solar System. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon came.
The Capture Theory: The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the earth.
The Condensation Theory: The Moon and the Earth condensed together from the original nebula that formed the Solar System.
The Colliding Planetesimals Theory: The interaction of earth-orbiting and Sun-orbiting planetesimals (very large chunks of rocks like asteroids) early in the history of the Solar System led to their breakup. The Moon condensed from this debris.
The Ejected Ring Theory: A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the earth.

16. Theories on how moon was formed?
The Fission Theory: The Moon was once part of the Earth and somehow separated from the Earth early in the history of the Solar System. The present Pacific Ocean basin is the most popular site for the part of the Earth from which the Moon came.
The Capture Theory: The Moon was formed somewhere else, and was later captured by the gravitational field of the earth.
The Condensation Theory: The Moon and the Earth condensed together from the original nebula that formed the Solar System.
The Colliding Planetesimals Theory: The interaction of earth-orbiting and Sun-orbiting planetesimals (very large chunks of rocks like asteroids) early in the history of the Solar System led to their breakup. The Moon condensed from this debris.
The Ejected Ring Theory: A planetesimal the size of Mars struck the earth, ejecting large volumes of matter. A disk of orbiting material was formed, and this matter eventually condensed to form the Moon in orbit around the earth.

17. 4.5 Billion Years Ago

19. Early Earth

22. Theia

33. Debris Disk

34. Debris Disk

35. Debris Disk

36. Debris Disk

38. Earth

39. Earth

40. Moon
Earth

41. Kind of
like that...
Moon
Earth

42. Kind of
like that...
Moon
Axial Tilt 23.5
Earth

43. Kind of
like that...
Moon
Axial Tilt 23.5
Spin / Day Length
Earth

44. Kind of
like that...
Moon
Axial Tilt 23.5
Spin / Day Length
Earth
Earth increased
in mass.

45. Kind of like that... Moon Axial Tilt 23.5 Spin / Day Length Earth
Theia’s Remains
Moon
Axial Tilt 23.5
Spin / Day Length
Earth
Earth increased
in mass.

46. Kind of like that... Moon Axial Tilt 23.5 Spin / Day Length Earth
Theia’s Remains
Moon
Axial Tilt 23.5
Spin / Day Length
Earth
Earth increased
in mass.
Theories on moon formation, Learn more:

50. Atmosphere originates (No oxygen yet).

51. Hydorgen and Helium based
Atmosphere originates (No oxygen yet).
Hydorgen and
Helium based

52. Hydorgen and Helium based
Atmosphere originates (No oxygen yet).
Hydorgen and
Helium based
You would die
breathing it.

53. The first oceans…

54. The tides were a 1000 feet b/c the moon was close.
The first oceans…
The tides were a
1000 feet b/c
the moon was close.

55. The first continents

56. A long time goes by and then…

57. Earliest life begins (primitive protocells).

58. A long time goes by and then…

59. Microbes helped produce an oxygen rich atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

60. Microbes helped produce an oxygen rich atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

61. First Multi-cellular life (many cells).
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62. First Multi-cellular life (many cells).
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63. First Multi-cellular life (many cells).
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64. Picture of earliest fossilized cyanobacteria at 3.4 billion years old.
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65. Picture of earliest fossilized cyanobacteria at 3.4 billion years old.
Bacteria: Very small single celled organisms.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

66. Picture of earliest fossilized cyanobacteria at 3.4 billion years old.
Bacteria: Very small single celled organisms.
-They reproduce by splitting in half.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

67. Picture of earliest fossilized cyanobacteria at 3.4 billion years old.
Bacteria: Very small single celled organisms.
-They reproduce by splitting in half.
- Very primitive internal structure. No nucleus.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

69. Supercontinents form (Rodinia)

70. Explosion of new animals (sea)

71. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

72. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

73. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

74. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -

75. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -

76. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -

77. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -

78. Paleozoic Era
Vendian, Cambrian, Ordovican, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian Periods. -

79. Marine invertebrates dominate.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

80. Video Link. Animation of Paleozoic Sea Life at Field Museum in Chicago
Video Link! Animation of Paleozoic Sea Life at Field Museum in Chicago. (Cambrian)

85. Plants invade land.
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89. Jawed Fish Evolve.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

91. First Insects.
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92. Amphibians invade land.
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96. First Reptiles

99. Insects take to the air.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

102. Mesozoic Era
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Periods -

103. Mesozoic Era
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Periods -

104. Mesozoic Era
Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Periods -

105. Mesozoic Era Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Periods -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

106. Learn more about dinosaurs at… http://dsc.discovery.com/dinosaurs/
Dinosaurs dominate.
Learn more about dinosaurs at…
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

107. PANGEA 20

108. PANGEA 20

109. The Supercontinent Pangea began to split in the middle / late Jurassic
The Supercontinent Pangea began to split in the middle / late Jurassic. (Plate Tectonics)
PANGEA 20

111. First birds.

112. Archaeopteryx: Earliest ancestor to modern birds (150 million years ago)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

113. Archaeopteryx: Earliest ancestor to modern birds (150 million years ago)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

114. Birds came from Theropods.
How are they similar and different?

115. First mammals.

116. First mammals. Early mammals. Learn more at…

120. First flowers.
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123. K-T mass extinction event
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124. K-T mass extinction event
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

125. K-T mass extinction event
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

126. A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.

127. A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.

128. A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.

129. A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
Impact Event

130. Impact Event Dinosaur Fossils
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
Impact Event
Dinosaur Fossils

131. No Dinosaur Fossils Impact Event Dinosaur Fossils
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Impact Event
Dinosaur Fossils

132. No Dinosaur Fossils Impact Event Cretaceous Period Dinosaur Fossils
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Impact Event
Cretaceous Period
Dinosaur Fossils

133. No Dinosaur Fossils Tertiary Period Impact Event Cretaceous Period
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago.
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Tertiary Period
Impact Event
Cretaceous Period
Dinosaur Fossils

134. No Dinosaur Fossils Tertiary Period Impact Event Cretaceous Period
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago. K-T Mass Extinction Event
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Tertiary Period
Impact Event
Cretaceous Period
Dinosaur Fossils

135. No Dinosaur Fossils Tertiary Period Impact Event Cretaceous Period
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago. K-T Mass Extinction Event
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Tertiary Period
Impact Event
Cretaceous Period
Dinosaur Fossils

136. No Dinosaur Fossils Tertiary Period Impact Event Cretaceous Period
A layer of Iridium can be found across the globe in rock layers around 65 million years ago. K-T Mass Extinction Event
Iridium is found on Meteorites.
No Dinosaur Fossils
Tertiary Period
Impact Event
Cretaceous Period
Dinosaur Fossils

137. K-T mass extinction event...(Debate Exists)
Combination of Impact event.
Volcanism.
Disease.

138. K-T mass extinction event...(Debate Exists)
Combination of Impact event.
Volcanism.
Disease.
Learn more about the extinction of the dinosaurs at…

139. Optional PowerPoint. Found in Activities folder
Asteroids, Impact Craters, and Torino Scale

140. Without this extinction event, the odds are…

141. The age of Mammals wouldn’t have happened.

142. Age of Mammals wouldn’t have happened.

146. “I love a good Mammal.”

147. The age of dinosaur dominance was over.

148. The age of dinosaur dominance was over.

149. The age of dinosaur dominance was over.
99.5%

150. The age of dinosaur dominance was over. The age of mammals begins.

151. The age of dinosaur dominance was over. The age of mammals begins.

152. Video Link! (Optional) Life After Dinosaurs

153. Cenozoic Era
Tertiary, and Quaternary Periods -

154. Cenozoic Era
Tertiary, and Quaternary Periods -

155. Cenozoic Era
Tertiary, and Quaternary Periods -

156. Mammals change.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

157. Mammals continued to radiate but still had to hide from the Terror Birds of the Cenozoic.
Phorusrhacids

158. Mammals continued to radiate but still had to hide from the Terror Birds of the Cenozoic.
Phorusrhacids

161. Present Day Bird Species
Size Comparison

162. Present Day Bird Species
Size Comparison

163. Present Day Bird Species
Size Comparison

164. Present Day Bird Species
Size Comparison

168. “Imagine how cool it
would be to have these
Terror Birds running
around today.”

173. Eventually, Larger mammals evolved that were able to prey upon the Terror Birds and caused their extinction.

174. Eventually, Larger mammals evolved that were able to prey upon the Terror Birds and caused their extinction.

175. Eventually, Larger mammals evolved that were able to prey upon the Terror Birds and caused their extinction.

176. Earliest Monkeys.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

177. 47 million year old primate fossil.
“Ida”

178. Climate becomes drier.
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179. Panama attaches South America to North America

180. Panama attaches South America to North America

181. Why would the connection of Panama to South America cause ecological chaos?
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182. Why would the connection of Panama to South America cause ecological chaos?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

183. Why would the connection of Panama to South America cause ecological chaos?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

184. Why would the connection of Panama to South America cause ecological chaos?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

185. Answer. Many animals species in S. America rush into N
Answer! Many animals species in S. America rush into N. America and vice versa.

186. Answer. Many animals species in S. America rush into N
Answer! Many animals species in S. America rush into N. America and vice versa.
Increased competition causes many extinctions.

187. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

188. Study for 1 minute Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.
Study for 1 minute

189. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

191. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

192. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

194. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

195. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

197. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

198. Evolution is the change in the gene pool overtime.
Gene Pools can change when…
Populations can shrink
Diseases, extinctions, introduction of new better adapted species, predators.
Non-random mating
Organisms choose strongest mate, ones in similar boundaries,
Mutations in the genes
Genes can change. Some are good, some are bad.
The environment will decide.
Movement in and out of the population
Immigration, gene flow.
Natural selection
Adaptations to the environment that do well replace poor ones. Usually an advancement.

199. First human hominids.

200. Modern Man (Whoa)

201. Part I Part II Part III Video Links! (Optional)
Walking with Prehistoric Beasts
Part I:
Part II:
Part III:
Part I
Part II
Part III
Caution!
Mating

202. Video - Evolution of Everything, 13
Video - Evolution of Everything, 13.7 billion years ago to modern humans in 7 min. Enjoy!
Encore
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy