1. Earth Shakes, Rattles, and Rolls
Plate Tectonics
Volcanoes
Earthquakes

2. What is the relationship between the earth’s plates, volcanoes, and earthquakes?

3. Plates

4. Earthquakes

5. Volcanoes

6. Let’s look at those maps again.

7. Plates
Volcanoes
Earthquakes

8. Earthquakes and Volcanoes are found
where plates meet.

9. Evidence Wegener used to support theory of continental drift:
Continents fit like a puzzle
Fossil evidence
Rocks were similar in Africa and South America
Evidence Antarctica once had a tropical climate

10. How did geologists explain how the earth’s plates moved?
Continental Drift
Mid-Atlantic Ridge allows mantle to seep to surface through cracks and pushes plates of the earth apart.

11. To see how geologists believe the plates moved go to the site below.
Notice the Atlantic Ocean seafloor spreading.
Seafloor spreading animation
More!

12. Layers of the Earth
Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

13. Types of Mountains
Folded
Fault-block
Volcanic
Unwarped

14. FOLDED MOUNTAINS

15. FOLDED MOUNTAINS
Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, and the Swiss Alps in Switzerland
form when two plates collide head on, and their edges crumble
consist mainly of sedimentary rocks, like limestone and shale

16. FAULT-BLOCK
MOUNTAINS

17. FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS
Consist of huge blocks of the earth's crust that have been tilted or pushed up along a fracture line called a fault
Sierra in California, Arizona is an example.
Created when a plate hits a fault and tips upside down, creating erosion and debris, which is at the base of the mountain.

18. VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
NAMIBIA IN AFRICA

19. Volcanic mountains
Formed when molten rock, or magma deep within the earth, erupts, and piles upon the surface
Made of basalt and rhyolite.
Takes place where two of the earth's tectonic plates collide.

20. UNWARPED MOUNTAINS Black Hills in South Dakota
form when tectonic forces lift the earth's crust into a broad bulge or dome raising it above its surroundings
Erosion causes peaks and valleys to form.

22. Convection currents in action
Convection currents in action! At left, two animal cookies represent two of the Earth's tectonic plates. At right, the two plates have moved apart, much like what happens at a divergent margin. The chocolate pudding represents the Earth's mantle. The heat source beneath the pot created convection cells in the chocolate pudding. Think of the cookie on the left as South America, and the cookie on the right as Africa. Over time they have moved apart. You'll see this again.

23. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle are what drive plate motions
Convection currents in the Earth's mantle are what drive plate motions. Convection currents are driven by the simple fact that hot things (such as gases and liquids) rise while cool things fall.

24. Convection currents in the magma move the earth’s crust.

25. epicenter
The point on the surface of Earth that is right above the focus of an earthquake                                                 

27. Go to this site to see an animation of the path of p waves and s waves

28. How do we measure the intensity of an earthquake?
Earthquakes
How do we measure the intensity of an earthquake?

29. or the strength of an earthquake
Seismograph measures
Magnitude
or the strength of an earthquake

30. Seismograph records energy waves of the earth

31. Mercalli Scale I.People do not feel anything . V.
People feel movement.
Doors open
Pictures fall off wall.
VII.
Some buildings lose bricks.
Difficulty driving.
IX.
Considerable damage to homes.
Cracks in earth.
XII.
Almost everything is destroyed.
The ground moves in waves or ripples.

32. Richter Scale Earthquake Magnitudes Effects
Less than Generally not felt 
Rarely causes damage.
Under Slight damage to well-designed buildings.  
Destructive to about 100 kilometers across
Major earthquake. Serious damage over larger areas. 
8 or greater Great earthquake.

33. Each number is 10X stronger than the previous number.
How much stronger is the 3 than the 1?
100 Times
How much stronger is the 8 than the 1?
10,000,000
Write the number in scientific notation.
106

34. Why is the Richter Scale more accurate than the Mercalli Scale?
The Richter Scale is objective and based on mathematical measurements.
The Mercalli scale is subjective and based on people’s perception and experience.
On Mercalli scale if the area is unihabited there is no way to measure the magnitude of the earthquake.

35. Richter Magnitude
Number of Earthquakes per year
1.0 to 3.9
900,000 +
6200
800
226 18
Less than 2

36. Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
primary source
language arts connection
Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
One Boy’s Experience – Eyewitness Account
Jack London’s Eyewitness Account of San Franciso Earthquake
Click on url to get complete texts

37. San Francisco Earthquake 1906

38. Alaska Earthquake 1964

39. Earthquakes in the ocean cause
Tsunamis

40. Tsunamis
30’ Wall of Water
Destruction

41. Types of Volcanos
Composite
Cinder Cone
Shield

42. Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Fujiyama, and Mount St. Helens
tens of miles across and ten thousand or more feet in height.
have small craters in their summits

43. steep sides and usually have a small crater on top
consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava
small volcanoes
steep sides and usually have a small crater on top

44. hundreds of miles across and many tens of thousands of feet high.
Mauna Loa
consist almost entirely of frozen lavas
large craters at their summits.

45. largest single mountain in the world
30,000 +feet above the ocean floor
100 miles across at its base.

46. For additional diagrams of volcanoes click below:
Image Resources
For additional diagrams of volcanoes click below: