1. Soil, Agriculture, Toxicology
Review

2. Soil Importance? Function How formed What is humus?
Medium for plant growth, nutrient recycling, filters water, Habitat for bacteria, microbes, fungi, insects, animals
How formed
What is humus?
Breakdown of rocks/minerals from below
Deposition of organic matter from above
What factors influence formation and/or properties
Parent material
Climate
Topography
Organisms
Time

3. Soil Soil Triangle What does color indicate Particle size
sand, silt, clay
Soil Triangle
Which soil type is best for farming
Loam: 40/40/20
What does color indicate
Chemical & Physical Qualities /properties:
Chemical
Physical pH
Porosity/permeability
Nutrients: N, P, K
Texture/feel
Organic matter (humus)
Composition: % sand, silt, clay
Salinity (Salinization)
Erosion
Ion exchange capacity
Compaction
Heavy metals
Profile analysis: depth of horizons
Trace elements
Color

4. Soil Profiles: Describe each horizon/layer
Leaching
Downward movement of water carrying dissolved minerals & organic matter

5. Soil Biomes Describe soil in following biomes Desert Grassland/Praire
Tropical Rainforest
Taiga/Coniferous/Boreal/Evergreen forest
Deciduous/Temperate Forest

6. Hunger Causes Strategies to combat Golden Rice
Main sources of calories worldwide
Increasing meat consumption
Maximize calories
Trophic level
Feed lots & Aquaculture
Benefits / problems

7. Agriculture Describe, benefits, problems Genetic diversity
Traditional / Subsistence farming
Industrial / Conventional farming
Organic Farming
Genetic diversity
Seed banks
Green Revolution
GMO
Pros / cons
Irrigation
Types, problems
Salinization
waterlog

8. Conservation Conservation practices Erosion Desertification
Contour, terracing, strip, shelterbelt, cover crop, no till, polyculture, intercropping, agro forestry, crop rotation, buffer zones
Erosion
Desertification
Fertilizers
Organic / synthetic

9. Pest management Pesticides Resistance
Benefits / problems
Resistance
Pesticide treadmill
Bioaccumlation / biomagnification
IPM
Describe / Goal
Rachel Carson
DDT
EPA
US Laws
FIFRA (Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act)
FFDCA (Federal Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act)
FQPA (Food Quality Protection Act)
Stockholm Convention
Dirty dozen

10. Hazards Biological Infectious diseases: Species barrier
AIDS: tribesmen eating bush meat (chimps)
Mad Cow: feeding sheep parts to cows
Lyme disease - ticks
Hantavirus – mice/rats
swine/bird flu

11. Hazards Chemical Mutagens, carcinogens, teratogens, neurotoxins
Endocrine disrupters: BPA (bisphenol A, phthalates)
“Gender Benders”
Bhopal, India

12. Hazards
Cultural
smoking, poor diet, unsafe sex, drugs, unsafe working conditions, and poverty.

13. Toxicology LD50 Risk – 75% Disease Toxicity factors Developed
cultural
Developing
Infectious
Overall
Poverty
Toxicity factors
Dose
Exposure
Genes / Sensitivity
Fat Soluble
Persistence
Children risk factor
Eat/breathe/drink more per body weight
Put stuff in mouth
Immature immune system
Antibiotic resistance
Synergistic / antagonistic

14. RISK ANALYSIS – World – cause of death

15. RISK ANALYSIS – US – cause of death

16. Probability of death in the US

17. Actual cause of death in the US
Suicide

18. Reduce Disease Both infectious & cultural Reduce poverty
Slow pop growth
Improved nutrition
Reduce pollution: air/water/soil
Reduce overuse of antibiotics
Vaccinations
Clean water
Hand washing/hygiene