1. Lecture 4 Repetition
Party (developed) states may earn emissions units by (project-based machanisms):
Investing in other Party developed states (joint implemetation) or
Investing in Party developing states (clean development mechanism)
Developed states may by emissions units from states with do not use their quota (emissions trading) – market mechanism: units may be acquired ony when availabkle surplus on the market, otherwise emissions must be cut down.

2. Check your knowledge!
What is AAU? Assigned amount unit --- ERU? Emission reduction unit --- CER? Certified emission reductions --- RMU? Removal Unit: tradable carbon credit What are these concepts related to the Bali Road Map: NAMAs, nationally appropriate mitigation actions NAPs, national adaptation programmes (NAPs) in developing countries. REDD, reduction of emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries. Carbon trading / cap and trade &v=bbgUE04Y-Xg

3. Summary of terms
1. An “emission reduction unit” or “ERU” is a unit issued pursuant to the relevant provisions in these modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts and is equal to one metric tonne of CO2 equivalent, calculated using global warming potentials..
2. A “certified emission reduction” or “CER” is a unit issued pursuant to Article 12 and requirements thereunder, … is equal to one metric tonne of CO2 equivalent, calculated using global warming potentials…
3. An “assigned amount unit” or “AAU” is a unit issued pursuant to the relevant provisions in these modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts and is equal to one metric tonne of CO2 equivalent,
4. A “removal unit” or “RMU” is a unit issued pursuant to the relevant provisions in these modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts and is equal to one metric tonne of CO2 equivalent, calculated using global warming potentials…

4. Rapid actions/ Paris Agreement
In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal,. Parties aim
to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties,
to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. (4 Art.)
Long-term goal: sinks and reservoir shall exceed the amount of emissions!!

5. Balance between mitigation and adaptation; based on transparency
Parties recognize that the current need for adaptation is significant and that greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts, and that greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation costs. (Art. 7)
Parties acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems,..

6. Sinks – midland of mitigation and adaptation /Paris Agreement
Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases… (5 Art.)
Parties are encouraged to take action to implement …policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, →The EU LULUCF Reg. (Later)
and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries; cf. CDM
and alternative policy approaches, such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests, while reaffirming the importance of incentivizing, as appropriate, non-carbon benefits associated with such approaches.

7. The Paris Agreement 2015, Update of the UNFCCC
…aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, by i.a.:
Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;
Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production;

8. Top-down implementation
For CO2 emissions, the Protocol provides that emissions trading schemes may be established as climate policy instruments at the national level and the regional level (EU).
Under such schemes, governments set emissions obligations to be reached by the participating entities. → National strategies

9. National voluntary ambitions
Parties recognize that some Parties choose to pursue voluntary cooperation in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions to allow for higher ambition in their mitigation and adaptation actions and to promote sustainable development and environmental integrity. (Art. 6)
Incorporation into the national mitigation targets: A mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development is established under the authority and guidance of the COP

10. EU Climate Law /Outline
The EU has been given the mandate from member states to act and to legislate as a regional representative under Kyoto.
It functions as a mediator between the UNFCCC/Kyoto and the member states
The EU implements the international mechanisms and, within the int. frame it develops own regimes, binding for member states.

11. EU Env law
Start in the 1970s within the common market regime, waste, water, air emissions regulated under unanimous and harmonized decisionmaking
In 1986 the Single Act (SEA, internal market) led to specified env rules in the Rome Treaty, with competence of the EC to use the majority rule for env legislation: minimum harmonization, states could maintain stricter requirements (new!)
Presently, the TFEU equally is based on the majority rule, with involvement of the Parliament

12. Climate under ENL law
Climate targets are initially political decisions
- turned into national commitments by participation in the political process (European Council, Commission)
Some mechanisms require EU legislation, e.g. the EU Emissions Trading scheme and certain energy-related rulings (renewable energy)

13. EU internationally
The EU is part of the Paris climate agreement (2015), due to be implemented from 2020.
The EU has committed to a second phase of the Kyoto Protocol running from 2013 to
The EU also provides substantial funding to tackle climate change, main donor globally.

14. Effort Sharing Decision 2009
Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009
The EU is given a joint limit of emissions – to be distributed/allocated to the MBs. →Share of Burden.
This Decision lays down the minimum contribution of Member States to meeting the greenhouse gas emission reduction commitment of the Community for the period from 2013 to 2020 for greenhouse gas emissions covered by this Decision, and rules on making these contributions and for the evaluation thereof.

15. Share of Burden
… sets national emission targets for 2020, expressed as percentage changes from levels as national shares.
Member States have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020
The national emission targets for 2020 have been agreed unanimously. They are set on the basis of Member States’ relative wealth (measured by Gross Domestic Product per capita).

16. Measures under the Decision 2009
Energy efficiency
By 2012, the Commission shall assess and report on the progress of the Community and its Member States towards the objective to reduce energy consumption by 20 % by 2020

17. Use of project credits
Member States may use the following greenhouse gas emission reduction credits to Implement their obligations:
Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) and Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), as set out in Directive 2003/87/EC, amended by Reg. No 421/2014
Member States should ensure that their policies for purchasing these credits enhance the equitable geographical distribution of projects and the achievement of an international agreement on climate change.

18. Reference calculation
Annual emission allocations (AEAs) in tonnes for each year from 2013 to 2020 are to be calculated. = allowed maximum
The national reduction targets are determined on the basis of a reference year, under the decision the year It means that some states have to increase their efforts, other may stick to their limit.

19. EU Key Climate Targets: short-term: 20-20-20
The EU Climate package 2020: 3 Targets
20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared with 1990
20% of total energy consumption from renewable energy
20% increase in energy efficiency
The targets were set by the EU in 2007 and enacted in legislation in They are also headline targets of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. en

20. Long-term key targets: 40-27-27
At least 40% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990
At least 27% of total energy consumption from renewable energy
At least 27% increase in energy efficiency

21. Elements of the climate package
The 2020 package is a set of binding legislation to ensure the EU meets its climate and energy targets for the year 2020
Reduction of emissions: trading scheme (ETS)
Renewable energy – national targets
Innovation and financing
Energy efficiency
Note: At least 20% of the EU's budget for 2014 to – equal to €180 billion - should be spent on protecting the climate.

22. Reduction outside the ETS
Areas outside the ETS, under the reduction scheme (accounting for some 55% of total EU emissions): – such as: housing, agriculture, waste, transport (excluding aviation). EU countries have taken on binding annual targets until 2020 for cutting emissions in these sectors (compared to 2005), under the "Effort-sharing decision".
The targets differ according to national wealth – from a 20% cut for the richest countries to a maximum 20% increase for the least wealthy (although they were still projected to have to make efforts to limit emissions).

23. EU Regulations /ETS
The EU's emissions trading system is the key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industry at the lowest cost - from large- scale facilities in the power and industry sectors, as well as the aviation sector.
The ETS covers around 45% of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions.
In 2020, the target is for the emissions from these sectors to be 21% lower than in 2005.

24. Energy /Efficiency
Measures for increasing energy efficiency are set out in the in the Energy Efficiency Plan and in the Energy Efficiency Directive: Under this Directive, all EU countries are required to use energy more efficiently at all stages of the energy chain, from production to final consumption.
EU countries have to reduce the energy use of their buildings and industries are required to improve the energy efficiency of a wide array of equipment and household appliances.
Car manufacturers have to reduce CO2 emissions from new cars and vans.

25. Renewable energy Renewable energy – national targets
EU countries are required to support renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biomass to reach the green energy targets.
EU member countries have also taken on binding national targets for raising the share of renewables in their energy consumption by 2020, under the Renewable Energy Directive. These targets also vary, to reflect countries' different starting points for renewables production and ability to further increase it – from 10% in Malta to 49% in Sweden.
The overall effect will enable the EU to reach: its 20% target for 2020 (more than double the 2010 level of 9.8%), a 10% share of renewables in the transport sector.