1. Unit II Chapter 4-Consciousness and its variations Chapter 6-Memory

2. Circadian Rhythm
Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues
body temperature
cortisol secretion
sleep and wakefulness
In the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours.
Where could there be an absence of cues?
Keywords: circadian rhythm

3. Hockenbury text p 124

4. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrodes placed on the scalp provide a gross record of the electrical activity of the brain
EEG recordings are a rough index of psychological states
Discovering Psych Schulman Slides
Keywords: electroencephalogram, EEG

5. Stages of Sleep
Sleep stage 1: brief transition stage when first falling asleep
Stages 2 through 4 (slow-wave sleep): successively deeper stages of sleep
Characterized by an increasing percentage of slow, irregular, high-amplitude delta waves
Delta waves
Sleep stage 1
1 second
Sleep stage 4
Sleep stage 2
Spindlers (bursts of activity)
Discovering Psych Schulman Slides
Keywords: sleep stage 1, sleep stage 2, sleep stage 3, sleep stage 4, delta waves

6. Stages of Sleep
Upon reaching stage 4 and after about 80 to 100 minutes of total sleep time, sleep lightens, returns through stages 3 and 2
REM sleep emerges, characterized by EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness
muscles most relaxed
rapid eye movements occur
dreams occur
Four or five sleep cycles occur in a typical night’s sleep; less time is spent in slow-wave, more is spent in REM
Keywords: REM sleep, sleep cycles

7. DiscPSY Figure 4.2 p. 132

8. Individual Differences in Sleep Drive
Some individuals need more and some less than the typical 8 hours per night
Nonsomniacs—sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day
Insomniacs—have a normal desire for sleep, but are unable to and feel tired during the day
Keywords: nonsomniacs, insomniacs

9. Sleep Disorders Insomnia—inability to fall asleep or stay asleep
REM sleep disorder—sleeper acts out his or her dreams
Night terrors—sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration)
Narcolepsy—overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.
Narcoleptic Dog
Sleep apnea—failure to breathe when asleep

10. Dreams and REM Sleep
True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking
Lucid dreaming-Anyone know what this is?
Sleepwalking dog
Keywords: true dream, sleep thought

11. Hypnosis State of awareness Highly focused attention
Increased responsiveness to suggestion
Vivid imagery
Willingness to accept distortions of logic
Alteration of sensation and perception

12. DiscPsy p146

13. Meditation
Sustained concentration that focuses attention and heightens awareness
Lowered physiological arousal
decreased heart rate
decreased BP
Predominance of alpha brain waves

14. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants—inhibit brain activity
Opiates—pain relief and euphoria
Stimulants—increase brain activity
Psychedelics—distort sensory perceptions

15. Common Properties Physical dependence Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms
Drug rebound effect

16. Depressants Alcohol—CNS depressant Barbiturates—induce sleep
Tranquilizers—relieve anxiety
Discuss with class BAC and how different liquors compare in alcohol content.

17. Opiates
Chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties
Mimic the brain’s endorphins
Heroin, methadone
Percodan, Demerol

18. Stimulants
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines
Cocaine

19. Psychedelics Create perceptual distortions Mescaline LSD Marijuana
Flashback reactions and psychotic episodes

20. Chapter 6-Memory

21. Stage Model of Memory

22. Three Stages of Memory
Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration
Long-term
memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; long-term memory; attention; encoding; maintenance rehearsal; retrieval

23. Sensory Memory
Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
Capacity—large
can hold many items at once
Duration—very brief retention of images
.3 sec for visual info
2 sec for auditory info
Sensory
Input
Memory
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory

24. Short Term or Working Memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; attention; working memory; short-term memory

25. Short-Term Memory Function—conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on
Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items)
Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; attention; memory span; 7 +/- 2 items
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention

26. Maintenance Rehearsal
Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Maintenance Rehearsal
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; sensory memory; short-term memory; working memory; attention; maintenance rehearsal

27. Chunking
Grouping small bits of information into larger units of information
expands working memory load
Which is easier to remember?
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; short-term memory; working memory; chunking

28. Long-Term Memory
Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory
Long-term
memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; long-term memory; working memory; short-term memory; encoding; retrieval

29. Long-Term Memory
Encoding—process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store
Retrieval—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store
Long-term
memory
Working or
Short-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Attention
Encoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
Key words: modal model of the mind; stage model of memory; long-term memory; working memory; short-term memory; encoding; retrieval

30. Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit memory—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory
Implicit memory—memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called non-declarative memory

31. Explicit Memory Declarative or conscious memory
Memory consciously recalled or declared
Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question
Two subtypes of explicit memory
Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory;

32. Episodic Memory Memory tied to your own personal experiences Examples:
What month is your birthday?
Do you like to eat caramel apples?
Q: Why are these explicit memories?
A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions
Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; episodic memory

33. Semantic Memory Memory not tied to personal events
General facts and definitions about the world
Examples:
How many tires on a car?
What is a cloud?
What color is a banana?
Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

34. Semantic Memory Q: Why are these explicit memories?
A: Because you can actively declare your answers
Important note: Though you may have personal experience with these items, your ability to answer does NOT depend on tying the item to your past
i.e., Do not have to recall the time last week when you ate a banana to say that bananas are yellow
Key words: long-term memory; explicit memory; declarative memory; semantic memory

35. Tip of the tongue phenomenon
TOT—involves the sensation of knowing that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being unable to retrieve it
Can’t retrieve info that you absolutely know is stored in your LTM
key words: forgetting; retrieval; long-term memory; tip of the tongue phenomenon

36. Measures of Retrieval
Recall—test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall
Cued recall—test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue
Recognition—test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices.
Serial position effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle.

37. Eyewitness Testimony Scripts—type of schema
Mental organization of events in time
Example of a classroom script: Come into class, sit down, talk to friends, bell rings, instructor begins to speak, take notes, bell rings again, leave class, etc.
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; schemas; scripts

38. Eyewitness Testimony Recall not an exact replica of original events
Recall a construction built and rebuilt from various sources
Often fit memories into existing beliefs or schemas
Schema—mental representation of an object, scene or event
Example: schema of a countryside may include green grass, hills, farms, a barn, cows, etc.
Key words: eyewitness testimony; memory distortion; schemas; scripts

39. Which is the real penny? Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
key words: forgetting; encoding

40. Answer
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
key words: forgetting; encoding

41. Encoding Failures
Even though you’ve seen thousands of pennies, you’ve probably never looked at one closely to encode specific features
key words: forgetting; encoding

42. Retroactive Interference
When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information
Example: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number
key words: forgetting; retrieval; interference theories; retroactive interference

43. Decay Theories Memories fade away or decay gradually if unused
Time plays critical role
Ability to retrieve info declines with time after original encoding
Average
percentage of information
retained 20
mins 1 hr 8
hrs 24 2
days 6 31
Interval between original learning of nonsense syllables and memory test
100%
Hockenbury slides (Schulman)
key words: forgetting; retrieval; decay theories

44. Biological Basis of Memory
Amnesia—severe memory loss
Retrograde amnesia—inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation
Anterograde amnesia—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage
Memory test
Memory test-false

45. Memory Test You have 60 seconds!
SOUR
NICE
CANDY
HONEY
SUGAR
SODA
BITTER
COCOA
GOOD
CAKE
TASTE
HEART
TOOTH
TART
PIE

46. How many put the word SWEET down from your list?

47. 2nd Chance Memory Test You have 60 seconds!
MAD
WRATH
FEAR
HAPPY
HATE
FIGHT
RAGE
HATRED
TEMPER
MEAN
FURY
CALM
IRE
EMOTION

48. How many put the word ANGER or ANGRY down from the list?

49. MEMORY TEST CONCLUSION
How many of you on the first list put down the word “SWEET”, if so stand up, good job.
Now on the 2nd list, how many of you put down the word “ANGER” or “ANGRY”, if so stand up, good job.
ALL OF YOU STANDING ARE 100%, POSITIVELY ?

50. SOUR NICE CANDY HONEY SUGAR SODA BITTER COCOA GOOD CAKE TASTE HEART
TOOTH
TART
PIE
MAD
WRATH
FEAR
HAPPY
HATE
FIGHT
RAGE
HATRED
TEMPER
MEAN
FURY
CALM
IRE
EMOTION
ALL OF YOU STANDING HAVE EXPERIENCED A FALSE MEMORY!!!