1. States of Consciousness

2. Introductory Discussion Teams…
What exactly is consciousness? How do we explain unconsciousness? How do they differ?
Summarize biological and circadian rhythms. Provide examples of each.
Provide a synopsis of the sleep cycle and explain how it changes as it progresses.
What is the purpose of sleep? Provide multiple explanations.
Why do we dream? Come up with 2 theoretical propositions.

3. Levels of Consciousness
We know that various levels exists beyond the conscious level.
Mere-exposure effect
Priming Effect
Blind sight

4. Levels of Consciousness
Conscious Level
Nonconscious Level
Preconscious Level
Subconscious Level
Unconscious Level

5. Consciousness and Information Processing
Conscious processing
Sequential, relatively slow and limited capacity
Unconscious processing:
fast processing occurs simultaneously on parallel tracks (not sequential)
Example?
Meet someone: unconscious, instant reaction to race, gender, appearance- then become aware of our response

6. Biological Rhythms Bodily (and mental) fluctuations over time
Provide an example for each:
Annual Cycles
Animal hibernation / SAD (humans)
Twenty-eight day cycles
Women’s menstrual cycle
Twenty Four hour cycles
Alertness, sleep, body temperature, growth hormone
Ninety Minute cycles
Sleep stages

7. Sleep Sleep is a state of consciousness.
We are less aware of our surroundings.
Circadian Rhythm

8. Animals and Sleep…. Ferrets-15 Cats-13 Humans-8 Elephants-3
Why the discrepancy in the need for sleep?
Smaller animals = higher metabolism, more need for rest, recharging

9. Circadian Rhythm Light affects Circadian Rhythm, by… The point is…
Activating retinal proteins, which…
Activates brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus, which…
Activates Pineal Gland, which increases, decreases melatonin (sleep inducing hormone)
The point is…
Light strongly influences our circadian rhythm, which governs our sleep patterns
What else, besides light can alter our circadian rhythm?

10. Pineal Gland

11. Sleep Cycle EEG machine measures stages of sleep/ brain waves
Click dude for alpha
Waves.
EEG machine
measures stages of sleep/ brain waves

12. Stage 1 Drowsy… falling into sleep… (5-10 minutes) Once a night…
Alpha Waves to Theta waves (high frequency, low amplitude.)
“hallucinations”- (dream-like- falling or rising)

13. Stage 2 Theta waves that (get slower frequency, higher amplitude)
Sleep spindles: short bursts of rapid brain waves.
50% of your sleep! Revisit multiple times in sleep cycle

14. Stages 3 and 4 Delta Waves: (slower wave = deeper sleep)
Deep sleep (groggy, disoriented if awakened).
Releases child’s growth hormones, restores immune system.
Bed wetting, sleepwalking
Exercise increases stage 3 and 4!
Visit less as night progresses….
Click boys to see deep sleep.
From stage 4, your brain begins to speed up and you go to stage 3, then 2….then ……

15. REM Sleep “Rapid Eye Movement”
paradoxical sleep-internally aroused, externally calm… (atonia)
Heart rate, breathing, REM, brain waves increase / external paralysis
Dream state. (95% of those awakened remember dream)
Genital arousal (both genders)
REM Rebound
20-25% of night’s sleep! Or 2 hrs/night (6 yrs!)
Infants = 8 hrs/night REM
Adults 1-2 hrs/night REM

16. Stages and Brain Waves Stage 1: Alpha to Theta… Stage 2: Theta
Stage 3 & 4: Delta
1st ½ of sleep dominated by stage 4
2nd ½ dominated by stage 2 & REM…
Deeper the sleep= decrease in frequency of wave, increase in amplitude

17. Sleep Cycle 90 minute cycle From 1, 2, 3, 4, 3,2, REM…
1st ½ of 90 to get to 4, 2nd ½ to go back..
4-6 times per night
As night progresses, four gets shorter, REM gets longer…

18. Sleep Deprivation Bank Account / REM Rebound
1 hour sleep deprivation per night = pulling all nighter (1 week duration)
Need of sleep depends on circadian rhythm
Affects mood, performance, memory, immune system etc.

19. Sleep Disorders

20. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep
Effects 10% of the population
Primary versus Secondary Insomnia
Treatments: Behavioral changes, medication
Hypersomnia = excessive sleep (12hrs/day)

21. Narcolepsy
Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times.
Directly into REM sleep
Less than .001 % of population.
The most dangerous!
See Skeeter the narcoleptic dog !

22. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep.
Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep.
Very common, especially in heavy males.
Can be fatal.
Stresses the heart

23. Night Terrors Screaming during sleep / physical movement
Early in sleep. (2-4 hours into sleep)
Most common in children (boys) between ages 2-8.
Usually stage 4 sleep

24. Somnambulism Sleep Walking
Occurs mostly during first few hours of sleep
Stage 4
If have had night terrors, more likely to sleep walk when older.
Most common in children- rare after 40

25. Theories on Dreams

26. Freud’s Theory of Dreams
Dreams are an expression of the unconscious.
Manifest Content (storyline)
Latent Content (underlying meaning)
Psychological (Psychoanalysis)

27. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Biological Theory. (Dreams mean nothing…)
Cerebral Cortex tries to interpret random electrical activity while sleeping.
Why dreams sometimes make no sense…

28. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams are a way to processing / dealing with issues of everyday life.
Tendancy to dream more when we are more stressed.
Integrate new experiences, information into memory

29. Hypnosis

30. Hypnosis How do we define hypnosis?
Social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts etc. will spontaneously occur.

31. Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness? Posthypnotic suggestion
Posthypnotic amnesia

32. Hypnotic Theories Role Theory State Theory
Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness.
People have various states of hypnotic suggestibility.
social influence theory- social phenomenon where people want to believe and thus role play…
Work better on people with richer fantasy lives.
Hypnosis IS an altered state of consciousness.
Dramatic health benefits
It works for pain best.

33. Dissociation Theory Theory by Ernest Hilgard.
We voluntarily divide our consciousness up.
Sensation of pain vs. perception of pain (PET Scans..) (Perception is blocked)
Ice Water Experiment.

34. Research has shown that…
Ability to experience hypnosis does not indicate gullibility or weakness
Hypnosis does not increase accuracy of memory
Spontaneous posthypnotic amnesia is relatively rare
Does not foster a literal reexperiencing of childhood events
Hypnotic subjects retain their ability to control behavior, maintain awareness of surroundings
Hypnosis is far more effective for acute pain than chronic pain

35. Drugs and Consciousness

36. Drugs
blood-brain barrier Layer of capillaries in brain designed to block toxins
psychoactive drugs
Drugs small enough to pass through barrier
Psychoactive drugs
Define:

37. Drugs are either…. Tolerance
Created by neuroadaptation: brain adapts chemistry to offset drug’s effect)
Thus you need more of the drug to feel the same effect.
If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawal symptoms.
(Shaking, fever, vomiting)

38. A Quick Review… Psychoactive drugs operate at the brain’s synapses…
(Briefly (generally) explain the process of neurotransmission.
What do the following do?
Agonists (Reuptake inhibitors) Antagonists
Neurotransmitters:
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Endorphins
GABA / Glutamate

39. Depressants
Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior.
What types of drugs are classified as depressants?

40. Depressants Depresses,Slows down CNS.
Sedatives /Narcotics barbiturates, opium, heroine, alcohol
Disinhibitors
Alcohol
Effects GABA / Glutamate levels
Reduces REM sleep
Social disinhibitor
Memory loss/ kills brain cells
See “Mouse Party”

41. Alcohol (Depressants cont.)
More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.
Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes.
Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.

42. Opiates (Depressants cont.)
Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.
Derived from poppy plant.
Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine. (Dopamine: “Mouse Party”
Physically addictive

43. Stimulants
Identify the major stimulants and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.

44. Stimulants Excites neural activity (CNS).
More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

45. Stimulants Chief Characteristics…
Caffeine (blocks adenosine, boosts dopamine, serotonin, acytecholine)
Nicotine (dopamine, norepinephrine)
Amphetamines (Dopamine)
Methamphetamines: (Highly addictive- Dopamine)
Cocaine (Highly addictive- Dopamine- “Mouse Party”
Ecstasy: serotonin transmitters, (permanent mood, memory damage)

46. Hallucinogens
Describe the psychological and physiological affects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.

47. Hallucinogens Psychedelics
change in perception without change in sensory input
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marijuana. (Serotonin)
Marijuana:
THC / no tolerance established

48. What factors promote drug use?
Biological: Research indicates that genetics are influential in drug addiction psychological: coping mechanism to escape stress, failure, depression…
Social / cultural: cultural norms, social pressures, influences

49. Drug Addiction Dopamine Reward Center: Brain’s pleasure center
Release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens of Limbic System creates pleasure, or reward (in Limbic system)
All pleasures registered in this way (natural or drugs)
Addictive drugs can release X the amount of dopamine that natural rewards do (eating, money, sex etc.)
Reward circuits in brain involve motivation and memory as well as pleasure
Tolerance leads to less impact of drug on reward center (receptor sites are diminished from drug use, decreasing our sense of pleasure (both natural and drug pleasure)
Thus motivation and memory of drug in reward center create demand for drug, or compulsive behavior (addiction)
Limbic system literally overrides frontal lobe, (prefrontal cortex) (PET, EEG) = impulsive, irrational behavior

50. Drug Addiction….

51. Dopamine Reward Center

52. Reuptake Blocked: (transporters closed…)