1. Renal Physiology Functions of the kidneys Structures of the kidney
Homeostasis
Fluid balance (blood pressure)
Electrolyte balance (blood pressure, membrane excitability)
Acid-base balance (in concert with lungs)
Structures of the kidney
Three fundamental renal mechanisms
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

2. Kidneys are source of 3 hormones: Renin, EPO, and Vit D.
Kidneys are targets of 3 hormones: ADH, Aldosterone, ANH
Topics discussed: cortex, medulla, kidney stones, micturition (detrussor, internal and external urethra sphincters and innervation), incidence of bladder infections by gender

3. Distinction between urine and tubular fluid.
Renal artery = 1 way in. 2 ways out of kidney (renal vein or ureter)
Distinction between urine and tubular fluid.

4. The nephron

5. Board diagram of a nephron and its blood supply
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular capillary
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillary and vasa recti
Bowman’s capsule & Bowman’s space
Proximal tubule
Ascending and descending limbs of the Loop of Henle
Distal tubule (and juxtaglomerular apparatus)
Collecting ducts
And where these parts are in relation to cortex and medulla
Ultrafiltrate that appears in Bowman’s capsule = blood – formed elements - proteins

6. CO 24
Renal corpuscle
Renal corpuscle
Renal tubules
Renal tubules

7. Special terms
Filtration: movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of the nephron
Reabsorption: the movement of specific compounds from the lumen back into the blood (peritubular capillaries)
Secretion: the transport of specific compounds from blood into the lumen
Excretion: elimination from the body in urine