1. Fig. 20.1. Embryology of nephrons.

2. Fig. 20.2. Vertebrate nephrons

3. Fig. 20.3. Comparative anatomy of nephrons and their blood supply.

4. Fig. 20.4

5. Fig. 20.5. Evolution of kidneys and ducts.

6. Fig. 20.6. Stages in the development of an amniote kidney.

7. Fig. 20.7. The ureteric bud induces metanephros to form.

8. Fig
Cloacal
regions.

9. Fig. 20.9. Three most common types of nitrogenous waste.

11. Large renal corpuscle means more water in raw filtrate
Thick intermediate segments mean many cilia to drive filtrate through tubule, which means less water will be reabsorbed
One extreme: marine teleosts and mammals - concentrated urine
Other extreme: freshwater teleosts and sharks - copius dilute urine
Fig Nephron structure in representative craniates.

13. Red - water or ions into body
Green - urine or ions out of body
Fig Osmoregulation by “fishes.”

14. Fig. 20.12. Osmoregulation by tetrapods.

15. Fig

16. Fig

17. Fig