1. Island colonization and island biogeography
Relevant pages in Jackson: 33-44

2. Colonization of oceanic volcanic islands
Surtsey: “born” Nov. 1963

4. Colonization of Surtsey
6 months: bacteria, fungi, seabirds, seeds
1.5 yrs: sea rocket (Cakile edentulata) establishing
4 yrs: mosses establishing
10 yrs: 13 species vascular plants, 66 species of mosses
Cakile photo:

6. Krakatau Island http://www.space-art.co.uk/pages-en/other/Krakatau.htm
This is the famous volcanic Indonesian island that exploded in 1883, shown as it might have appeared from high altitude. An image for the children's book Insiders: Volcanoes and Earthquakes

7. http://www. uhh. hawaii. edu/~csav/gallery/decker/indonesia_krakatau_1
Anak Krakatau Volcano (child of Krakatau) venting a small ash cloud in Rakata Island, a remnant of the gigantic explosion and caldera collapse of Krakatau in 1883, is in the background. Although an uninhabited island, the tsunami generated by the 1883 eruption killed more than 36,000 people on the adjacent shores of Java and Sumatra. An old volcano movie is titled "Krakatoa, East of Java" but the Indonesian spelling of the name is Krakatau, and it is west of Java.
Photo copyright R.W. Decker.

8. Plants dispersed by physical forces are first to arrive in primary succession
Rakata Island
(post-Krakatau eruption)
Forest as of 1920
Ricklefs (2001)

9. Colonization of the Galápagos
Mainland Ecuador ~960 km to east
Costa Rica ~1100 km away

10. The “unbalanced” flora and fauna of the Gálapagos
Flora (see Table 4, Jackson)
Species with small, wind-dispersed seeds most abundant
Species with large, heavy seeds uncommon
Fauna:
Reptiles and seabirds well represented
Amphibians absent
Few mammals

11. Natural modes of transport
Sea
Active transport (swimming)
Passive transport (floating/rafting)
Sea lion image:

12. Natural modes of transport
Air
Active (flying)
Passive (floating)
Tropicbirds:
Seed:
Spider ballooning:

13. Natural modes of transport
Birds
Internal (digestive tracts)
Attachment to feathers, feet
Tomato:
Pintail:

14. Modes of transport of plants to the Galápagos (D. Porter)
59% by birds (77% of flowering plants bird-transported)
internal transport most common
32% by wind
9% by ocean drifting

15. Establishment: another “sieve” of natural selection

16. Establishment
Lava cactus:

17. Orchids have tiny seeds but are under-represented on the islands

18. some lizards are capable of parthenogenesis

19. Island biogeography The Lesser Antilles (Caribbean)
-64°
-63°
-62°
-61°
-60°
18°
16°
14°
12°
Anguilla
Guadeloupe
Dominica
Martinique
St.Lucia
St. Vincent
Grenada
Lesser
Antilles
Island biogeography
The Lesser Antilles (Caribbean)
From Stiling (2002)

20. Species-area relationships among animal taxa the Lesser Antilles
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Area
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Butterfly species
Bat species
Reptile and amphibian species
Bird species
Species-area relationships among animal taxa the Lesser Antilles
From Stiling (2002)

22. General equation for species-area relationships
S = cAz
or:

23. The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (McArthur and Wilson, 1963)
Figure 19.13 Ŝ

24. Figure 19.14a
Ŝfar
Ŝnear

25. Figure 19.14b
Ŝsmall
Ŝlarge

26. island area also can influence immigration rate (the “target effect”)
Gurevitch et al. (2002)

27. Testing island biogeography theory: terrestrial and freshwater birds
From Ricklefs (2001)

28. Testing island biogeography theory:
mangrove islands
landscape photo:
small islet:

29. D. Simberloff: area reduction experiment (mangrove islets)
100 R1
WH1
SQ1 G1
MUD1
Number of species 75 J1
CR1
IN1
(2)
MUD2
Control for 1st cut
Control for 2nd cut 50 50
100
225
500
1000
Area(m2)

30. Simberloff: Testing effect of distance
From Ricklefs (2001)

31. Ponds and lakes: islands in an ocean of land

32. Habitat islands: mountaintops
Nevada 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 12 14 13 16 18 19 17 15 11 10 9
(a)
Habitat islands: mountaintops
Sierra Nevada
Rockies
From Stiling (2002)

33. Habitat fragmentation
Figure 19.8

34. Figure 19.11b