1. Severe Weather: Tornadoes and Hurricanes Thunderstorms and Lightning S6E4b Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to form large global wind systems and weather events such as tornados and thunderstorms. c Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affects the weather patterns and weather events such as hurricanes

2. As you work think about these questions :
 What are the “ingredients” for your storm to form?
 How does your storm form?
 What are the atmospheric conditions that are likely to occur?
 Does your storm form during a specific season or month(s)?
 Is there a particular location where this storm forms?
 How does this storm affect the people who live through it?
 What are some safety tips to survive this storm?

3. Grab Toto!! THE HOOK TORNADOES
Are a low pressure storm that usually forms over land
in an average year, 800 tornadoes are reported in the U.S.
a tornado is defined as a violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground… the rotating column of air is called the vortex
the vortex is only visible when debris and dirt gets carried up with the winds
THE HOOK

4. Where do they come from?
Tornadoes come from the energy released in a thunderstorm.
What makes them dangerous (as compared to hurricanes) is that their energy is concentrated in a small area, only a hundred yards across

5. When & Where do they occur?
Most common east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachian Mountains.
They occur mostly during the spring and summer (April-June)
They usually occur during the late afternoon and early evening.
Usually happen along cold fronts

6. How fast do tornadoes move?
Movement can range from
virtually stationary to more
than 60 miles per hour ...
Average is miles per hour.

7. Watch—means conditions are likely for tornado to develop
Warning—means that tornado has been spotted

8. THE WIND!
Take a look at this piece of wood that was driven into the palm tree.

9. LOOK AT
THESE

10. MEASURING DESTRUCTION
The Enhanced Fujita Scale rates tornadoes based on the amount and type of wind damage produced.

11. EF-0. Light damage
Wind 65 to 85 mph. Causes some damage to siding and shingles

12. EF-1. Moderate damage Wind 86 to 110 mph. Considerable roof damage
EF-1. Moderate damage Wind 86 to 110 mph. Considerable roof damage. Winds can uproot trees and overturn single-wide mobile homes. Flagpoles bend.

13. EF-2. Considerable damage Wind 111 to 135 mph
EF-2. Considerable damage Wind 111 to 135 mph. Most single-wide mobile homes destroyed. Permanent homes can shift off foundation. Flagpoles collapse. Softwood trees debarked.

14. EF-3. Severe damage Wind 136 to 165 mph. Hardwood trees debarked
EF-3. Severe damage Wind 136 to 165 mph. Hardwood trees debarked. All but small portions of houses destroyed.

15. EF-4. Devastating damage Wind 166 to 200 mph
EF-4. Devastating damage Wind 166 to 200 mph. Complete destruction of well-built residences and large sections of school buildings

16. EF-5. Incredible damage.
Wind mph. Significant structural deformation of mid- and high rise buildings.
Strong frame houses leveled off foundations and swept away; automobile-sized missiles fly through the air in excess of 100 yards
May 25th, 2008
Catastrophic damage was reported in Parkersburg as much of the town was destroyed, with reports of flattened houses and debarked trees. Six people were killed in Parkersburg and at least two fatalities were reported where a housing development was destroyed. At least 70 people were injured

17. At 9:45 p. m. on May 4, 2007, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado
At 9:45 p.m. on May 4, 2007, Greensburg was hit by an EF5 tornado. The tornado was estimated to be 1.7 miles (2.7 km) in width and traveled for nearly 22 miles (35 km). Ninety-five percent of the city was confirmed to be destroyed, with the other five percent being severely damaged. The National Weather Service estimated winds of the tornado to reach 205 mph (330 km/h). This was the first tornado to ever be rated EF5 since the update of the Fujita scale.

18. HURRICANES
Low pressure systems that form over warm, tropical waters near the equator
Most form between 5 and 20 degrees north latitude — they almost never form in the South Atlantic

19. They have the lowest barometric pressure
ever recorded with and storm (905 millibars
Is the lowest recorded
These huge areas of low pressure is what creates
The rapid, inward spiraling of winds

20. HURRICANE DEVELOPMENT
When winds have developed speeds from 39 to 73 miles per hour, it is called a tropical storm (storms are given names when they begin to have winds of this speed).
2005 Katrina Developing

21. The storm becomes a hurricane when it reaches a wind speed of over 74 mph
Hurricane Formation

22. THE END OF A HURRICANE
When a hurricane travels over land or cold water, its energy source (warm water) is gone and the storm weakens, quickly dying.

23. HURRICANE SEASON
Occurs from June through November
Most hurricanes form during the late summer months because the ocean is still retaining heat from the warmer earlier months

24. CATEGORY WIND SPEED STORM SURGE DAMAGE
MEASURING DESTRUCTION
We use the Saffir-Simpson scale to rank hurricane intensities
Saffir-Simpson Scale
CATEGORY
WIND SPEED
STORM SURGE
DAMAGE 1
74-95 mph
4-5 feet
Minimal 2
mph
6-8 feet
Moderate 3
mph
9-12 feet
Extensive 4
mph
13-18
Extreme 5
Greater than 155
Greater than 18
Catastrophic
Video Clip on Wind Tunnel

25. STORM SURGE ACCOUNTS FOR 90% OF HURRICANE-CAUSED DEATHS

26. Thunderstorms A storm containing thunder and Lightning
Usually produces heavy wind and
Occasionally hail.
Thunderstorms need:
Moisture
Unstable Air
Lift

27. Thunderstorm Formation
Thunderstorms form when warm, humid air rises in an unstable environment.
A number of things, such as unequal heating of Earth's surface or lifting of warm air along a front can trigger the upward air movement needed to create thunderstorm-producing cumulonimbus clouds.
Severe thunderstorms produce high winds, damaging hail, flash floods, and tornadoes.

28. Tornado Precautions Go to a basement, if you have one.
Get in the innermost room of your house. Avoid rooms with windows. Bathrooms are good.
Crouch with arms above your head.
If outside, lie in a ditch or get under a bridge.
If you live in an area with a frequency of tornadoes, listen to forecasts.

29. Thunderstorm

30. Lightning
Lightning is a charge of electricity that travels out from a thunder cloud.
Like electricity, the bolt of lightning moves from the negative to the positive.
This creates a giant spark.

31. Have you ever rubbed a balloon against your hair and then placed the balloon on the wall?
As you rub the balloon, it gets covered with negative charges.
The wall has a positive charge and the balloon has a negative charge.
The negative charge is attracted to the positive charge and this is why it sticks to the wall.
Opposites attract!

32. How is this similar to lightning?
Lightning is made in a similar way.
The electricity moves from the negative towards the positive.
Some parts of clouds end up with a lot of negative charges (like the balloon).
The earth can have positive charges (like the wall).
If the difference between the two is big enough, the negative charge will be attracted to the positive charge.
A spark will jump between the cloud and the earth because opposites attract.

33. Sum Things Up!
Can tornadoes happen anytime or only in certain times of the year?
Why do tornados happen most in tornado alley?
What you should Know…
Some low‐pressure systems can give rise to weather events that are damaging to people, their property, and the land. These incidents can occur almost anywhere and at any time of the year. If the conditions are right for a severe storm to occur, the National Weather Service posts a watch. This means that it is possible to experience the event that the watch is posted for. If the storm is sighted and on its way to you, a warning is posted.