1. NANOSH Hunting for Nanoparticles A Year in the Life of an Aerosol Scientist I.L. Tuinman

2. Layout Project NANOSH: Nanoparticle Occupational Safety and Health Measurements on site: can we find and characterize a nanoparticle health hazards in workplace environments? Filtration: how well are nanoparticles filtered by respiratory protection filters

3. NANOSH Nanoparticle Occupational Safety and Health Oberdorster and other authors published data showing nanoparticles can be more toxic than micron-sized particles Some nanoparticles can even cross the brain barrier Unintentional production of man-made nanoparticles was already high but increasingly nanoparticles are produced intentionally because of their improved properties and miniaturization of instruments Maybe standard Personal Protective equipment does not provide proper protection I.L. Tuinman

4. Content NANOSH-project Characterization of nanoparticles (WP1) Perform measurements to determine Workplace Exposure (WP2) Design a proper protocol for such measurements Interpret the data Test respiratory filters or respirators against nanoparticles Test toxicology of nanoparticles (not discussed here) in 3 WP: genotoxicity, pulmonary inflammation and the effect of particles on microcirculation I.L. Tuinman

5. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Occupational Hygiene: on site measurements Total measurement equipment >100 kg, k500 was transported in a small van from site to site ELPI SMPS Condensation Particle Counters (Portacounts) Personal sampler NSAM/ LQ1/Aerotrak 9000 for active surface area TEM photograph of fumed silica collected with a personal sampler

6. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Electrical Low Pressure Impactor, ELPI +Large size range (30 nm-10 µm) + Fast: high time resolution combined with some size resolution (12 size classes) + Large concentration range +Sample analysis afterwards possible Measurement of exposure to ultrafine/nanoparticles

7. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Typical Result ELPI emptying bags with dust particles into a filling system

8. I.L. TuinmanI.L. Tuinman NANOSH Typical Result CPC emptying bags with dust particles into a filling system

9. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Why filter tests with Nanoparticles? Authors like Balazy et al. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 50(3), 2006 found filters with the most penentrating particle size in the nanoparticle Region as shown in the graphs below

10. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Parameters tested Filter Materials Test Aerosols: NaCl and Carbon black Air Flow(s): 1 cm/s and 10 cm/s (corresponds to 95 l/min in facelets) Test set-up: adapted EN143 set-up with SMPS (TSI 3080) for measurement Filtration test set-up Three contributing test houses, HSL, TNO, and CIOP, tested six selected filters with NaCl and one other test aerosol

11. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Types of filter materials to be included A defined selection of electrostatic and mechanical air filter materials in sheet form should be obtained covering the basic filter types applied in RPE and ventilation systems: Electrostatically spun polycarbonate fibers Electrostatically charged split fibers Meltblown Nanofibers Glass fiber filter

12. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH Collison nebulizer Diffusion dryer Aerosol mixer Dry, clean air To r Excess aerosol flow Filter test chamber 36 or 3.6 l/min SMPS with DMA 3085 and UCPC 3786 Controlled flow through filter

13. Results Electret A I.L. Tuinman NANOSH

14. Results Electret B I.L. Tuinman NANOSH

15. Results low-efficiency electret filter I.L. Tuinman NANOSH

16. Results non-electret filter I.L. Tuinman NANOSH

17. Conclusions and Remarks It is very difficult to measure an increase in nanoparticles in workplaces due to the height of and fluctuations in the background Experiments in clean rooms can add valuable information. Personal samplers can show significant exposure to manufactured nanoparticles High efficiency electret filters tend to have their most penetrating particle size in the nanoparticle range. This has to be taken into account when selecting and testing respirators for workplaces where nanoparticles are expected. I.L. Tuinman NANOSH

18. Thank you for your attention! Point of Contact for TNO Respiratory Protection and Clothing Frans van Gemerden Email: frans.vangemerden@tno.nlfrans.vangemerden@tno.nl Tel: +31 6 52803608 I.L. Tuinman NANOSH