2. DFW Geology

3. DFW Geology

4. Tectonic Faults of Texas

5. Earthquakes in Metroplex

6. DFW Geology

7. DFW Earthquakes

8. Oklahoma Faults and Earthquakes
Oklahoma Earthquakes

9. Oklahoma Earthquake Frequency Drop
Connection to O&G Wastewater Injection Wells

10. Oklahoma Earthquakes September 3, 2016 earthquake
5.6 magnitude (one of the largest so far)
Felt throughout the Midwest U.S.
Shut down of 37 oil and gas deep injection wells

11. Major Earthquakes in History

12. What do the following have in common?
Thomas Jefferson’s debt
Setting of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
Green sunrises

13. Effects of History
Substantial environmental damage from volcanic eruptions include the:
1815 eruption in Tambora, Indonesia: 92,000 deaths, mostly by starvation and disease following a subsequent tsunami
“The year without a summer”
1883 eruption in Krakatoa, Indonesia: 32,000 deaths from tsunami and habitat destruction.
One of the first major natural events to be reported worldwide via telegraph
Ten times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima

14. Effects of History Other examples include:
1783 eruption in Laki, Iceland: 9,350 deaths mostly due to starvation
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: 51 deaths, 200 homes destroyed, $1.1 B impact to timber, civil works, and agricultural industries. Most destructive U.S. volcano(?)
1985 eruption in Nevado del Ruiz: 25,000 deaths mostly due to subsequent mudslide

15. Volcanoes

16. Volcano Definition
1. a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, steam, ashes, etc., are expelled, either continuously or at irregular intervals.
2. a mountain or hill, usually having a cuplike crater at the summit, formed around such a vent from the ash and lava expelled through it

17. Volcano Illustration

18. Why do Environmental Scientists Care About Volcanoes!?
Main constituents include:
Water vapor (H2O): 60%
CO2: 10-40%
Sulfur
Others include:
N, Ar, He, Ne, Methane, CO, H
About 500 million people live close to active volcanoes

19. Why do Environmental Scientists Care About Volcanoes!?
+ Return water to atmosphere
+/- Carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes adds to the natural greenhouse effect.
Sulphur dioxides cause environmental problems, because they are converted to sulphuric acid in the stratosphere; the main cause of acid rain.
Sulphate aerosols are formed, which reflect solar radiation and absorb heat, thereby cooling the earth. They also take part in chemical reactions, forming ozone destructive material.
+ Improve soil fertility due to minerals present in volcanic ash
- Affects weather, lifestyles, well-being, habitat
+ Creates new land (volcanic islands)
Hawaiian Islands
Surtsey, Iceland

21. Volcanoes of the World

22. Volcanoes of the World
A Smithsonian Institution book states the best guess for the number of volcanic eruptions in the past 10,000 years is However, that value varies depending on the definition, such as active only, active, dormant, and extinct.

23. Volcanic Island Progression

24. “Ring of Fire”

25. Volcanoes of the U.S. 169 volcanoes in the U.S.
18 classified as “Very High Threat Volcanoes”
About 100 recent-activity volcanoes
Hawaii has the world’s tallest volcano 13,000 ft above sea level
About 1,500 on land around the world
An estimated 10,000 in the ocean

26. Paisano Volcano near Alpine, Texas

27. Volcanoes of Texas

28. Super Volcanoes

29. Yellowstone (Super Volcano)
One of only 14 super volcanoes in the world
Eruption 2.1 MYA dispersed ash over two-thirds of the U.S.!
“Overdue” for an eruption by over 40,000 years
Recent activity (9/4/2016)
Breathing Volcano
Yellowstone Time Bomb

30. Yellowstone Ash Dispersion

31. Yellowstone (Super Volcano)
One of only 14 super volcanoes in the world
Eruption 2.1 MYA dispersed ash over two-thirds of the U.S.!
“Overdue” for an eruption by over 40,000 years
Recent activity (9/4/2016)

32. Notable Volcanic Eruptions in History