1. SEMRA EKİCİ Principle Auditor Turkish Court of Account (TCA)
WATER ISSUES
SEMRA EKİCİ
Principle Auditor
Turkish Court of Account (TCA)

2. Learning Objectives At the end of this sessions, We will be able to;
Explain water- related issues
Understand the big role of water management
Identify major problems
Clarify causes and effects,
Develop recommendations

3. FACTS ON WATER Water is a scare resource Unfair water distribution
Population and water use are growing too fast
Freshwater resources can not renewed quickly
World population have to share water resources
International conflicts among the countries
Irrigation is the largest consumer of fresh water
Huge amount of fresh water is polluted and not usable.

4. WATER CYCLE

5. Water Resources Freshwater Saltwater Lake Oceans River
Groundwater
Glaciers/Ice
Snow
Water vapour
Wetlands
Saltwater
Oceans
Saline/brackish groundwater
Saltwater lakes

6. Water Usage Who use? Used for what? People/Animals Drinking Household
Farmers
Manufacturers
Public entities
Private entities
Used for what?
Drinking
Cooking
Watering gardens
Cleaning
Agriculture
Industry

7. Increasing Demand –Fixed Supply: Water Stress
Major factors for increasing water
Population growth
The population of the world has tripled but water use has increased six fold over the past century.%40 of the population has suffered from serious water shortages.
The expansion of irrigated agriculture
The amount of land under irrigation has increased. Poorly managed irrigation may cause environmental disasters such as desiccation .
Industrial development
Global annual water is used by industry. In some areas, groundwater reserves are being lowed so faster than natural processes that they can not replenish them.

8. Water Stress Two main reason for water stress Quantity Problem
Quality Problem
A lack of attention to water quality
Pollution
Lack of control and monitor
Bad Management
No strategy to protect and save clean water
Quantity Problem
Limited Water availability
Overuse
The lack of awareness
Bad Management

9. Quality of Water Water pollution is major reason of unqualified water
All water users are more or less responsible for water pollutions.
Main Pollutants:
Industrial waste
Air emissions
Chemicals
Agricultural waste- fertilizers
Animal waste
Human waste (sewage and garbage)

10. Bad Quality of Water
Bad quality has harmful effects on people, individual organisms, populations and biological communities.
Causes water –related diseases, illness and death, affecting mainly the poor in developing countries.
Water quantity and water quality are related to each other.

11. Water Management Water Management includes: organisational structure,
planning activities,
responsibilities,
practices, procedures, processes
resources for developing,
implementing,
controlling, monitoring
achieving, reviewing
maintaining the water policy.

12. Water Management It is important to recognize linkages:
Between land and water
Between regional and national water policies, strategies,
Between water management and municipal planning

13. The Ways of Water Supply
The damming of rivers has traditionally been one of the main ways to ensure adequate water resources for irrigation, hydropower generation and domestic use.( Dams have also been used to control floods.)
Water transport-by ship, pipeline, channel and diversions has been under discussion in many parts of the world a solution to supply problems.
Desalination – the process of removing salt from marina water so that it can be used for drinking or irrigation.

14. Pollution Control Pollution in surface and groundwater is preventable.
The most important step is to identify the causes, then prioritize them
Set up control system to monitor
Make evaluation to how well manage it.

15. Salt Water
Saltwater consists mainly of oceans which account for %96,5 of global water resources.
Population growth
İncreasing urbanization
Industrialization
Tourism in coastal areas
are main causes of environmental problems.

16. Pollution in Salt Water
All the waste deposited in rivers ends up in oceans.
Globally sewage remains the largest source of contamination.
This contamination of coastal water is a major public health concern.

17. Parallel Audit-2011 Protection of The Black Sea Against Pollution
AUDIT FINDINGS
Monitoring activities carried out by different institutions
Insufficient scientific studies in monitoring of the pollution
Inadequate allocation for research
Lack of qualified staff in the monitoring activities
Lack of information exchange among monitoring units
Discontinuity of the monitoring activities
Lack of a standardized monitoring system
Lack of identification on pollution sources and risk map
Weaknesses in making strategy based on monitoring results
Lack of preventive penalization and sanctions
SAIs of Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia carried out environmental audit , and prepared joint audit report. The audit was conducted in line with the mandate of participating SAIs.

18. Salt Water Solutions Solution include the following:
Developing basic sanitation as well as urban sever systems and sewage treatment
Increasing public knowledge of pollutants and their effects
Assessing and monitoring marine environment,
Improving international co-operation regarding marine pollution.

19. Players in Water Management
The central government of a country can be held responsible for ensuring the water supply and sanitation services are safeguarded and a state-wide system of water management is in place.
Many other organization can play in implementing the policy and management structure.
Organizations outside the public sector can also play a key role in water related services. In some countries, private companies provide clean water to the public.
Different players such as enforcement agencies, inspectorates and specialised monitoring and research institutions are responsible for keep in an eye on policy implementation and compliance with standards set by policy makers.

20. Fresh Water Policy Instruments
General Water Policy
Water Pricing
Water Legislation
Permits
Fees and Fines
Inspection and Enforcement Fees and Fines
Investments in Infrastructure
Scientific Research
Providing Information to the Public
Monitoring and Evaluation

21. Team Work
Each group choose papers that include some water policy instruments
Discuss on influences of these instruments on water policy
( Why important and What can be provided by using these instruments)
Make small presentation on your team opinion to the whole class

22. General Water Policy
A general water management policy could be formulated at the central government level, including overall objectives, goals and strategies.

23. Water Pricing Price strategy has an important role in water using.
Providing water free or at subsidized prices can encourage wasteful use of water.
Water prices are differentiated according to user groups(agriculture, industry, home, school, hospital, etc.)

24. Water Legislation
Government use water legislation to set standards for water management, the quality and use of water. Legislation should include:
Proprietary rights
Water supply and water use
Pollution control
Irrigation
Recreation
Fisheries
Shipping
The roles of water management bodies
Tasks and responsibilities
Regulation of water-supply companies
Integrate commitments by the country with regional and global treaties signed

25. Permits
Central government or local government has the responsibility of issuing of water permits for the use of ground and surface water and for the discharge of pollutants by formers or industries.
The permits must reflect the general water management policy established at the central level.
Fee can be part of the permit system. Monitoring permit holders compliance with the rules and standards is part of a permit system.

26. Inspection/Examination and Enforcement/Obligation
Central or local governments often have specialized bodies like inspectorates that monitor compliance with legislation and pursue law enforcement.

27. Fees and Fines
Fines can be very effective to prevent water originated problems.
When fines are high, a polluter might prefer to abide by/ comply with the rules instead of disposing waste in the water.
Therefore fines can be used to enforce compliance with permits and legislation.

28. Investments in Infrastructure
Water management includes collecting, storing, treating and distributing activities.
They needs infrastructure solutions.
Governments may subsidize infrastructure projects of public interest or even finance them completely.
Dam is an example of an infrastructure solution relating to water supply for cities and farms, electricity production and benefits such as flood control and navigation.
Sever systems, water treatment plans, sanitation systems and flood-control constructions

29. Scientific Research
Scientific research ensures effective management of water resources.
They provide a scientifically sound knowledge of water problems, their causes and effects.
International co-operation may also be part of the strategy to establish data and information collection systems.

30. Providing Information to the Public
Governments strategy should be contain providing information for public.
Public awareness of water issues has a key role to make pressure on national water resources, prevention of pollution, health issues or sustainable water use.
Public access to information should be improved.

31. Monitoring and Evaluation
They are important tools for water managements.
They ensure proper execution of government policies and programme implementation.
Monitoring can include various types and levels of information(Progress in the implementation of a plan or policy measures, compliance with environmental laws and regulation, policy results and effects.

32. Questions
11/7/2018