1. Q1
What is popular culture?

2. Refers to cultural products produced for sale to the mass of ordinary people. These involve mass produced standardized short-lived products of no lasting value

3. Q2
What is folk culture?

4. Refers to the culture created by local communities and is rooted in the experiences, customs and beliefs of ordinary people

5. Q3
What is a subculture?

6. Is a smaller culture held by a group of people within the main culture of society which is in some ways different from the main culture but with many aspects in common. Examples include CHAVS etc

7. Q4
What are the four different types of identity?

8. Individual or personal identity
Social identity
Collective identity
Multiple identity

9. Q5
What is a stigmatised identity?

10. Refers to an identity that is in some way undesirable or demeaning and excludes people from full acceptance in society

11. Q6
What is primary socialisation?

12. Refers to the taught values and norms of society which construct a individual’s identity and is carried out by family members such as parents

13. Q7
What is secondary socialisation?

14. Refers to the socialisation which takes place outside the family and occurs instead in schools, media, friends and religious institutions

15. Q8
What is global culture?

16. Refers to the way cultures in different societies in different countries of the world have been increasingly alike

17. Q9
Identify the 5 distinct areas of secondary socialisation

18. The education system
Peer group
Workplace
The mass media
Religious institutions

19. Q10
What does Jenkins (1996) argue about the socialisation and the social construction of self and identity?

20. Jenkins argues that identities are formed in the socialisation process

21. Q11
What are structural approaches?

22. Structural approaches see identities as formed by the wider social forces making up the structure of society.

23. Q12
Identify three structural approaches

24. Functionalism, feminism & Marxism

25. Q13
What are social action approaches?

26. Social action approaches see individuals having control over the formation of their identities, rather than identities being formed by the social structures

27. Q14
How does Mead see the identities of individuals?

28. Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux
Mead sees the identities of individuals as being in a state of flux. This is because they are changing and developing all the time as they go through daily life.

29. Q15
What did Goffman mean by ‘impression management’?

30. Goffman argues people try to project a particular impressions of themselves. They do this by putting on dramatic performances or ‘shows’ in order to influence or manipulate the way others see them.

31. Q16
Identify one criticism of structural approaches and one criticism of social action approaches

32. Criticisms of structural approaches fail to recognise: free will; choice; challenges; disobedience
Criticisms of social action approaches include: not enough emphasis is placed on power inequalities; power of social institutions; social etiquette; need to work/earn money;

33. Q17
What is structuration?

34. Structuration sees the social structure and society’s culture making it possible for individuals to form their identities. It recognises that while identities are partly formed by individual choice, that choice is limited by the social structure and the culture in which people live.

35. What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’?
Q18
What does Bourdieu mean by ‘habitus’?

36. Habitus is the cultural possessed by a social class, into which people are socialized, which influences their cultural choices and tastes

37. What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?
Q19
What does Bourdieu mean by cultural capital?

38. Cultural capital is the education, knowledge, language, attitudes and values possessed by the upper and upper middle-class

39. Q20
Identify one key aspect of the new working-class

40. Q20
Home-centred lifestyle, with no involvement with neighbours and wider community
Work is for making money not friends or identity
No loyalty to their class
Women more likely to be in paid employment

41. Q21 What type of approach is Cooley’s?
What did he mean by the concept of ‘looking-glass self’?
1 mark for each point

42. Answer Social action approach
The ‘looking-glass self’ is the idea that our image of ourselves is reflected back to us (like a mirror) in the view of others

43. Question What type of approach is feminism?
What might feminists argue shapes our identities?
1 mark for each point

44. Answer
Structural
Our identities are shaped by wider social forces such as socialisation which then form our identities. Consequently the individual has little control over how their identities are formed

45. Question
What term did Bourdieu come up with when referring to the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class, into which people are socialised, initially by their families and which ultimately influence their cultural tastes and choices?
2 marks

46. Answer
Habitus

47. Question
According to Bourdieu which has the greater cultural capital, low or high culture? And which social group tends to have it?
1 mark for each point

48. Answer
High culture
Dominant or ruling-class

49. Question
Future time orientation and deferred gratification are two ideas which separate the middle-class from the working-class.
What are future time orientation and deferred gratification?
Which of the two social-class identified in the question have the above?

50. Answer Planning for the future
Putting off today’s pleasures for tomorrow’s gains
Middle-class

51. Question Which social-class has the following:
1.Men are seen as breadwinners, women mainly housewives
2.Getting a job with a skill and earning money, far more important than education and qualifications
3.A strong commitment to old Labour Party

52. Traditional working class
Answer
Traditional working class

53. Question
Define gender identity and provide one example

54. Answer
Refers to how people see themselves and how others see them in terms of their gender roles and biological sex

55. In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover?
Question
In relation to gender and identity what did Mead (2001) uncover?

56. Answer
She found from studying tribe in New Guinea that masculine and feminine characteristics are not based on biological differences but are a reflection of cultural conditioning within different societies. Therefore these differences are seen to be socially constructed.

57. What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’?
Question
What did Connell (1995) mean by the term ‘hegemonic identity’?

58. Answer
Hegemonic identity is one that is so dominant that it makes if difficult for individuals to assert different identities

59. Question
What does the statement ‘the social construction of hegemonic gender identities through primary socialization

60. Answer
This means parents and relatives tend to hold stereotyped views of typical characteristics of boys and girls which are used as norms when socialising their children

61. Question
While keeping the last question and answer in mind, what are the four process Oakley identified are evident during primary socialisation?

62. Differential activity exposure
Answer
Manipulation
Canalization
Verbal appellations
Differential activity exposure

63. Question
What do you understand by the term new man?

64. Is a man who is seen to be more caring, sharing, gentle, emotional etc

65. Provide two examples of qualitative data
Question
Provide two examples of qualitative data

66. Answer Participant and sometimes non-participant observations
Informal (unstructured) interviews
Open-ended questionnaires
Personal accounts like diaries & letters

67. What is the Hawthorne effect?
Question
What is the Hawthorne effect?

68. Answer
Is where the presence of a researcher affects the behaviour of those groups/individuals being observed

69. Question
What is the survey population is social research?

70. Is the whole group being studied
Answer
Is the whole group being studied

71. What is a sample in social research?
Question
What is a sample in social research?

72. Answer
A sample is a smaller representative group drawn from the sample population

73. Question
What is a quota sample?

74. Answer
Where people are selected who fit in a certain category, for example a social researcher might want to study people over the age of 45

75. What is validity in social research?

76. Where a true or accurate picture is created about something from the acquired data