Chapter 10 Modern Aerospace 1990 -.

Chapter 10 Modern Aerospace 1990 -

General Aviation Revitalization Act (1994)
18 year product limit on manufacturer Cessna – built plant- resumed production New Piper Aircraft – out of bankruptcy Equipment manufacturers

General Aviation Pilots 1990 2001 2014 Recreational 87 318 175
Recreational Sport ,889 Private , , ,313 Student , , ,501 Pilots , , ,362 Avg Age

General Aviation Research/Development NASA – partner with FAA
Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments (AGATE) 70 companies/universities Develop new GA technologies GA Propulsion (GAP) Program Develop 2-cycle 200-HP diesel engine Small Aircraft Transport System (SATS) Integrate GA into airways system FAA Capstone Bring near-real time weather to cockpit

General Aviation Reno Air Races Sport Kit-built aircraft
Reciprocating engine Displacement of 650 cubic inches or less Pilot – minimum 500 hours

General Aviation Reno Air Races Biplane
Minimum dry weight – 500 pounds Non-retractable landing gear Fixed pitch propeller Engine – 360 cubic-inch, 180 HP Lycoming

General Aviation Reno Air Races Formula 1
Minimum dry weight – 500 pounds Non-retractable landing gear Fixed pitch propeller Minimum wing area – 66 square feet Wood or composite material Engine – 200 cubic-inch, 100 HP Continental

General Aviation Reno Air Races T-28
New class – rules being established

General Aviation Reno Air Races AT-6 Type of WWII trainers
Harvard SNJ Fill open seams with wax/polish Remove rear seat Engine – 9 cylinder, 650 HP Pratt & Whitney

General Aviation Reno Air Races Unlimited Piston engines
Propeller driven Capable of pulling 6 G’s

General Aviation Balloon Race Double Eagle II Double Eagle 5
First to cross Atlantic – 1978 Double Eagle 5 First to cross Pacific Develop new GA technologies Around to World Many attempts Breitling Orbiter 3 Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones 19 days, 21 hours, 55 minutes

General Aviation Balloon Race Aircraft - High Flight
First solo Around the World Steve Fossett – 2002 Bud Light Spirit of Freedom Aircraft - High Flight Pathfinder – 1995 – 50,500 feet Pathfinder Plus – 1998 – 80,400 feet Helios – 2001 – 96,863 feet

Commercial Aviation Airbus/Boeing Subsidies - 1992 Airbus – 1990/1991
Half of widebody sector First operating profit First U.S. order - United Subsidies Direct subsidies – 30% or less of total development costs Indirect subsidies – 5% of manufacturer’s civil turnover No pressure from govt’s to buy aircraft

Commercial Aviation United Airlines 1991 – 1993
Huge losses Grounded inefficient aircraft 1993 – employee ownership plan 54,000 employees Part of salary as shares in company Joined board of directors 1995 – covered globe with service 2002 – Chapter 11 bankruptcy

Commercial Aviation Terrorism September 11, 2001 4 airplanes hijacked
American Flight 11 – Boston – LA Crashed into North Tower of WTC United Flight 175 – Boston – LA Crashed into South Tower of WTC American Flight 77 – Washington – LA Crashed into Pentagon United Flight 93 – Newark – SF Crashed in Pennsylvania FAA grounded all air traffic for days

Military Aerospace Manufacturers 1990s
Ford, General Dynamics, IBM sold business Lockheed and Martin Marietta merged Northrup and Grumman merged Boeing Acquired McDonnell Douglas Europe EADS – merger of several companies

Military Aerospace Fighters F-35 – Joint Strike Fighter Complications
Engine fire Operational testing issues U.S. – 400 jets

Military Aerospace Fighters F-22 Raptor 750 planned 2005
Reduced to 2005 Entered service Final production – 187 Last delivery – 2012

Military Aerospace European military transport A-400M Atlas
2013 – first delivery

War Experience Israel – Lebanon War (1982) Gulf War (1990)
Significant use of helicopters Remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) Guide Apache helicopters to targets Gulf War (1990) U.S. – Operated UAVs from ships F-117 Stealth fighter Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

War Experience Kosovo Conflict (1982) B-2 Stealth bomber
F-117 – Not as effective as earlier Identified need for Commonality among allies with air equipment, procedures, and practices Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

War Experience Afghanistan War (2001) High technology Packbots
Predator UAV Pilots monitors flights from TV screens Launched missiles from UAV Packbots Unmanned ground vehicles Traveled into caves and tunnels Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

War Experience 2nd Iraq War (2003)
Fewer forces than traditional invasions Missiles, drones, and “smart” munitions Predators searched for chemical and biological weapons Several types of UAVs Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Galileo – space probe
Launched 1989 – shuttle Atlantis Flybys of Earth, Venus, and Jupiter First to encounter asteroids Jovian orbit 21 September 2003 – destroyed by descending into atmosphere Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Space probes Many commercially funded
Magellan - Venus Ulysses – joint venture - Jupiter Clementine – NASA/DoD venture Lunar/deep space probe Test equipment in space environment Cassini – Jupiter Rosetta – EAS – rendezvous with comet Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Satellites Space station Many countries developed
Mir Hosted international array of astronauts Research Closed in 2000 Broke up over Pacific ocean Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Space Shuttle - reusable
Launched/retrieved satellites Carried foreign astronauts Columbia – 113th mission Disintegrated on re-entry Insulating foam broke – hit wing Knocked off reinforced carbon Breached thermal protection Allowed super-hot gasses into wing Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Space Shuttle 135 total missions 1981 - 2011
Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration China 3rd nation to achieve manned space flight
Sold commercial launch services Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration X Prize 25 competitors
Reach 62 miles above Earth Return safely twice within 14-day period Capacity of 3 people Paul Allen – Mojave Aerospace Ventures October 2004 Won prize – 2 trips, 69.6 miles Pilot Brian Binnie Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration Russia Virgin Galactic Pay $20 million
Commercial seat on Soyuz Virgin Galactic Commercial space flights Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Space Exploration International Space Station
Joint effort- Launch 1988 9th space station Research laboratory Longest continuously inhabited Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Early Life Flying Worked on farm
Dropped out of U. of Wisconsin Flying Flying lessons – 1922 8 hours of dual instruction Barnstorming Wing-walking/parachuting Bought Curtiss-Jenny – 1923 Continued barnstorming Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Military aviation Cadet - 1924 Formation flying
Bombing and strafing 104 cadets in class 18 graduated Lindberg finishes first 2nd lieutenant Released from active duty Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Robertson Aircraft Corporation St Louis to Chicago
Airmail pilot Tested airplanes Organized routes Hired pilots Arranged delivery trucks 1st airmail run – 15 April 1925 5 roundtrip flights per week Left in February 1927 Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Orteig Prize Financial support $25,000 prize
First nonstop flight Between New York and Paris Either direction Financial support St Louis business community $15,000 business loan Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Spirit of St Louis Chose monoplane Ryan Aircraft Reduced drag
Single engine Additional fuel tank Periscope added Ryan Aircraft $10,580 Test flights – April 1927 Flew from San Diego to St Louis St Louis to Roosevelt Field Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Other Attempts Rene Fonck (21 Sep 1926) Naval aviators (April 1927)
Crashed S-35 on takeoff Survived – two died Naval aviators (April 1927) Died during test flight French airmen (8 May 1927) Nungesser & Colt Never seen again Clarence Chamberlin Richard Byrd Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Atlantic Flight Coast-to-coast speed record Packed for trip
21 hours 20 minutes Packed for trip 4 sandwiches 2 canteens of water Army rations Takeoff – 20 May 1927 07:52 AM 450 gallons of gas 20 feet clearance of wires Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Atlantic Flight Challenges Landing Skimming over storm clouds
Flying as low as 10 feet Icing Flying blind in fog Navigating by stars Landing Le Bourget Airport 21 May 1927 10:22 PM Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh Won Orteig Prize Awarded Legion of Honor
Chevalier of Royal Order Leopold Distinguished Flying Cross Promoted to Colonel Congressional Medal of Honor Time “Man of the Year” Brief flights in Europe Longines watch Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh 1st Goodwill Tour Sell aviation
Promote commercial aviation 20 July to 23 October Visited all 48 states 82 cities 30 million people 22,000 miles Logged 260 hours 45 minutes 147 speeches 1,290 parade miles Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh 1st Goodwill Tour Pilot applications tripled
Licenses aircraft quadrupled Passengers 1927 – 5,782 1929 – 173,405 3,000% increase Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh 2nd Goodwill Tour Nonstop Washington to Mexico City
26 hours 15 minutes 17 Latin America countries 9,000 miles Flew airplane to Washington Donated to Smithsonian 174 flights 489:28 hours logged Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh “Crime of the Century” Move to Europe
Return to U.S. Temporary call-up to active duty Dr. Alexis Carrell Glass perfusion pump Future heart surgeries possible Travel to Germany Report on German aviation German award Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

Charles Lindbergh America First Anti-Semetic United Aircraft
Proposed neutrality act with Germany Resigned commission Anti-Semetic FBI investigates Lindberg United Aircraft Tech representative - Pacific Flew over 50 combat missions Brigadier General appointment Charles Lindbergh started out wing walking and parachuting. He bought a Curtiss Jenny in 1923 and learned how to fly. He joined the ranks of barnstormers. He graduated in 1925 from Army pilot training and was commissioned as a Lt. Due to the surplus of pilots after the ward he was released. Lindbergh became involved in air mail piloting where he worked for Robertson Aircraft Company. He flew and also hired pilots to fly a route from St Louis to Chicago. 1. Orteig Prize: Raymond Orteig offered a prize of $25,000 for the first nonstop airplane flight between New York and Paris, and the competition for this prize proved deadly in several instances. This competition interested Charles Lindbergh and lured him away from being an air mail pilot. He raised the money from St Louis businesses and ordered a plane with specifications to fly long distance. The additional fuel tank installed on the front engine blocked his forward vision so he had a periscope added to the cabin equipment. The plane was names Spirit of St Louis to recognize the funding. (Great Circle routes, the leanest mileage totals between cities) The reason for this, technically stated, is that in the higher latitudes, the shortest distance between two points, because of the earth's curvature, is not on the east and west parallel, but on the arc of a circle which would divide the earth in two equal parts and pass through the points in question [a great circle]. "A far simpler way to prove this is to take a piece of string and apply it to a globe. That piece of string will reveal more amazing facts about oceanic commerce than volumes of trade statistics. Lindbergh was not the only one to cross the Atlantic ocean. 2. Nonstop Transatlantic Flight: On May 1927 Charles Lindbergh flew a specially built Ryan monoplane named The Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic Ocean nonstop from New York to Paris. His plane was heavily loaded and barely cleared the telephone wires at the end of the runway. He flew Northeast on the great-circle rout. He often flew close to the water to take advantage of ground effect. is the Wing In Ground effect, which refers to the reduction in drag experienced by an aircraft as it approaches within roughly 1/4 of a wingspan's length of the ground or other level surface (such as the sea). Lindbergh was recognized for this feat and promoted to Colonel in the reserves and awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. highest military decoration awarded by the United States. It is often colloquially referred to as the Congressional Medal of Honor because the President presents the award "in the name of the Congress".[3] It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself or herself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…"[1] Goodwill Tours: After becoming famous for flying the Atlantic, Lindbergh promoted aviation through goodwill flights around the United States (to all 48 states) and to Latin American countries; his transatlantic and goodwill flights demonstrated the reliability of airplanes and airplane engines developed after World War I. Page 6-10 in the textbook. As a result of the atlantic flight and goodwill tours Lindbergh demonstrated the reliability of aircraft and safety of flying. He was give two jobs with American Airways and Transcontinental Air Transport otherwise known as The Lindbergh Line.

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT
Dole’s Pacific Air Race $35,000 prize Nonstop flight Oakland to Honolulu 15 airplanes entered 3 crashed before race 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Dole’s Pacific Air Race
$35,000 prize Nonstop Oakland to Honolulu 16 August 1927 9 participated – 6 flew west 2 crashed on takeoff 2 went missing 1 returned for repairs Search for missing Disappeared 2 planes completed race Wooloroc - Art Goebel and Bill Davis Aloha - Second prize - $10,000 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Other Pacific Crossings
Oakland to Sidney, Australia 31 May to 9 June 1928 83 hours 38 minutes Japan to Wenatchee, Washington Clyde Pangborn October 1931 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Atlantic Crossings South Atlantic Ocean Amelia Earhart James Mollison
Italian Francesco de Pinedo Amelia Earhart 1932 Solo, nonstop transatlantic flight James Mollison First east-to-west solo crossing England to Cape Town Airship Graf Zeppelin 18 crossings (S. Atlantic) 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Round the World Graf Zeppelin Wiley Post Lakenhurst start/stop
21 days, 5 hours, 31 minutes 20,651 miles Wiley Post 1931 8 days 15 hours 51 minutes 1933 – solo 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes Monoplane “Winnie Mae” on both trips 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Round the World Howard Hughes Polar Flights Lockheed Super Electra
3 days, 19 hours Polar Flights Byrd South Pole – November 1929 Russian crew First nonstop great-circle flight Soviet Union to United States 63 hours 17 minutes 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

Italian Distance Flight
Benito Mussolini Chicago World’s Fair Squadron of airplanes (Flying Boats) 25 airplanes One lost enroute Flew in formation over Fair One lost on return flight 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

MacRobertson Air Race October 1934 $75,000 prize England to Melbourne
No limit to aircraft/power/crew size 5 compulsory stops Initial field - 60 Start of race – 20 9 finished race Scott and Black winners (Britain) 71 hours 0 minutes 1. Dole’s Pacific Air Race: Only two airplanes finished the Dole Pacific Air Race from Oakland, California, to Honolulu in the United States territory of Hawaii. This race demonstrated the feasibility and expense of transpacific flight. 2. Atlantic Crossing: Italian pilot Francesco de Pinedo flew across the South Atlantic Ocean, female pilot Amelia Earhart flew solo nonstop across the North Atlantic, Scottish pilot James Allan Mollison flew the Atlantic east-to-west, and soon transatlantic flights became routine though still newsworthy events. 3. German Flights: German aviators and German aircraft (airplanes and airships) made newsworthy and record-setting flights during the Golden Age of Aviation, including transoceanic flights; Claude Dornier designed all-metal flying boats that opened many air routes. 4. Round the World: The 1929 circumnavigation of the globe by the airship Graf Zeppelin, Wolfgang von Gronau’s 1932 flight around the world in the Dornier Do X, Wiley Post’s 1931 and 1933 flights around the world in a Lockheed Vega, and Howard Hughes 1938 flight in a Lockheed 14 demonstrated the capabilities of aviation equipment on a global scale. 5. Polar Flights: Richard Byrd, who had organized the first aerial expeditions to reach the North Pole in 1926, also organized the first flight to reach the South Pole; that was in Airmen and explorers of various nations explored the polar regions during the 1930s. 6. Italian Distance Flights: Italo Balbo demonstrated the equipment and skill of Italian aviation by leading a squadron from Italy to the 1933 World’s Fair in Chicago. 7. MacRobertson Air Race: A British racer won the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia, but commercial airliners from the United States captured the world’s attention for placing second and third against specially made racing planes.

ALTITUDE FLIGHTS Altitude Flights Speed Flights French Raids
Light Airplanes Autogiros Homebuilt Aircraft Flying Fleas Homebuilt Movement Gliding Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Altitude Flights Flight over Mt. Everest (29,030 ft) Balloonists
April 1933 PV.3 Torpedo Bomber Lord Clydesdale/Dave McIntyre Balloonists 1934 Explorer I Captain Orvil Anderson More than 11 miles 1935 Explorer II 72,395 ft (13.7 miles) Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Speed Flights Absolute Record 278.481 (May 1927)
(November 1927) (March 1928) (1931) (1934) (March 1939) (April 1939) Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Light Airplanes Popularity of airplanes
Manufacturers produced small planes Private pilots High performance Competitive aviators De Havilland D.H. Moth 60 Bi-plane Two-seater Over 1,000 built (1925 – 1934) Taylor Aircraft Company Piper Aircraft Corporation Stinson Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

De Havilland DH. 60 Moth

Golden Age Autogiros Homebuilt Aircraft Both rotor and propeller
Rotor generates lift Propeller draws aircraft forward Competitive aviators Juan de La Cierva (Spain) Homebuilt Aircraft Standard feature of aircraft Heath “Super Parasol” kit Popular Mechanics Pietenpol’s “Air Camper” Modern Mechanix Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Flying Fleas Henri Mignet Built own airplanes
Inspired homebuilding movement “The Flea of the Sky” “a kite with an auxiliary engine” Did not have Ailerons Slots Elevators Cowling Flea rally Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Gliding Germany Enrollments increased yearly Investigated thermals
1930s – 10,000 members Investigated thermals Fly in front of storm Cloud to cloud City thermals Sir MacPherson Robertson offered a ten-thousand-pound prize for the winner of an airplane race from London, England, to Melbourne, Australia, and also a two-thousand-pound prize for the winner of a handicap race between the same points. The speed race was to be determined by the shortest time en route, and the route included certain control points (Baghdad, Allahabad, Singapore, Darwin, and Charleville). The handicap race allowed time on the ground at control points and check points en route, and the winner would be determined by lowest time less the allowable handicap time. Teams in various countries prepared airplanes, usually building new or modifying existing aircraft, and surveyed air routes between the start and finish. Most countries identified the ascending aviation industry in the United States as the competitor to beat. Entries came from the United States (18), Great Britain (17), Australia and New Zealand (12), France (7), Netherlands (4), Denmark (1), Germany (1), Italy (1), and Portugal (1). Twenty-four airplanes were made in the United States, and 27 airplanes had engines made in the United States. Of the 74 total entrants, only 21 flew the race. The winning British team of C.W.A. Scott and T. Campbell Black were familiar with the route, and they flew a de Havilland DH Comet racing plane. Second place went to the Dutch KLM airline team of K.D. Parmentier and J.J. Moll flying a Douglas DC-2 airliner; third place to the United States team of Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn who flew a Boeing 247 airliner; and fourth to another British team (Cathcart Jones and Kenneth W. Waller) in another de Havilland Comet racer. The second and third place showings by United States-built airliners demonstrated to the world that better transport designs were coming from the North American industry. The DC-2, for example, had no special equipment installed for the race, and it carried passengers and mail during the race. 8. Altitude Flights: Airplanes and balloons set altitude records in the 1930s, and Wiley Post designed a pressure suit for his planned flights in the stratosphere. 9. Speed Flights: In addition to speed races, pilots flew to establish absolute-speed records, which rose from 278 mph (448 km/h) in 1927 to 469 mph (755 km/h) in 1939. 10. French Raids: French raids began as exploration of air routes and became sporting and news events in which pilots raced for the fastest time between distant terminals. 11. Light Airplanes: The airplane production industry produced new light planes, like the British de Havilland D.H. 60 Moth and the American Taylor and Piper Cubs, for the emerging class of private pilots in addition to sportsmen and women. 12. Autogiros: Drawn forward by propellers powered by an engine and lifted by rotors turned by the forward movement, the autogiro — often a Cierva machine built under license — entered production in Europe and in the United States. 13. Homebuilt Aircraft: Homebuilding aircraft is as old as aviation, as the Montgolfier balloon of 1783 and the Wright Flyer of Plans facilitated homebuilding airplanes soon after the Wright brothers’ demonstration flights of and special homebuilding kits became available in the 1920s. Flying Fleas: Henri Mignet built his own little airplanes and inspired a European homebuilding movement with his 8th and 14th designs, the HM.8 and HM.14, “fleas” of the sky. Homebuilt Movement: Largely based on plans published by Henry Mignet, the French organized the Réseau des Amateurs de l’Air and the British organized a Pou (or “flea”) Club in the 1930s. 14. Gliding: Gliding became a German craze in the late 1920s and the 1930s, when Young Flier, Sturmvogel (Storm Bird), and other gliding groups sponsored the making and flying of gliders, and German pilots became pioneers in riding the thermals.

Commercial Airlines and Airliners
Aéropostale Airmail service between France and S. America Strong government support Competed with Lufthansa Longest line of routes in world Scandal in 1930s Lost government subsidy Liquidation and bankruptcy Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

French Aviation Merged 5 airlines into 1 (Air France) Air Orient Air Union CIDNA SGTA Aeropostale Air France National airline Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

French Aviation 1930s – decline in aviation Poor domestic economy Government corruption Civil war in Spain Fasicm Military strength 1937 – produced 37 planes/month Custom craft techniques Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

Deutsche Luft Hansa Installed radios on large transports Instrument rating compulsory-1926 1928 – refreshments for passengers Large European network Flew more miles Transoceanic Routes N. Atlantic Ship-to-land service Floatboat off passenger ship to New York S. Atlantic service Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

Deutsche Luft Hansa International Cooperation Reduce competition along routes China service – 1930 Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

British Airlines Imperial Airways Neglected domestic routes Did not improve colonial routes Domestic carriers Hillman and British Airways British government (1938) Divided international routes Imperial – long Empire routes British Airways – short Empire routes Aéropostale: The French airline Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, successor of the airmail Ligne (line) of Latécoère, flew European, African, and South American routes in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but failed amidst an airmail scandal in 1931. 2. French Aviation: Air France, formed through the merger of five French airmail carriers in 1933, marked the nationalization of the French aviation industry and the beginning of France’s decline from world leadership in aviation. 3. Deutsche Luft Hansa: The German national airline Deutsche Luft Hansa participated in the rise of Germany’s aviation industry, which — with transport planes like the Junkers G24 and procedures like instrument flying — developed a European network of operations in the 1930s. Transoceanic Routes: In the absence of colonial posts to use as air bases, Germany experimented with ship-to-land and land-to-ship airmail service that utilized ocean liners, like the Bremen and Europa, for catapult launches of airplanes, or depot ships, like the Westfalen and Friesenland, as mobile air bases. International Cooperation: To further expand German aviation, Luft Hansa joined ventures with Spanish, South American, French, and even Chinese partners. 4. British Airlines: Continuing its conservative approach, the British national Imperial Airways carried up-scale passengers in luxury planes between distinguished points in the British Empire, while smaller carriers organized to serve the neglected domestic market and British Airways moved into the European market.

The Caproni CA-60 was made as a cross between a house-boat and a plane
The Caproni CA-60 was made as a cross between a house-boat and a plane. This 1920 triple-wing monstrosity used three sets of triplane wings left over from WW1 bombers, bolted to a 100 {!} passenger flying boat hull. It had twice the wing area of a B-52 bomber and weighed 55,000 pounds. The 9000 square foot wings were equipped with ailerons and the rear set were elevators. Power was by eight 400 hp American Liberty engines in pusher and tractor sets, ten times as much as the average passenger aircraft of the time. Miraculously, this machine DID fly the first time in it reached a height of 60 feet, collapsed, and plummeted toward the lake just after take off, killing both pilots. The test pilot was named Semprini. It was "mysteriously" destroyed in a fire while undergoing repairs. Despite it's massive size, it was merely a prototype for a 150 seater designed to cross the Atlantic.

United States Air Mail Act of 1925 Stimulated formation of airlines Air Mail Act of 1930 Premium to airlines transporting Passengers and mail 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

Mergers United Airlines United Aircraft & Transport Corporation Boeing Airplane Company Pacific Air Transport Eastern Airlines Florida Airways Pitcairn Aviation TWA Transcontinental Western Air American Airlines - 82 small airlines 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Air Commerce Act Bureau of Lighthouses Airway development and maintenance Light beacons, navigational aids Bureau of Standards – government lab Aeronautical research Coast and Geodetic Survey Mapping airways Commerce Department Air regulations Administration of Aeronautics Branch 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Air Commerce Act Test/license pilots Issue airworthiness certificates Make/enforce safety rules Establish airways Operate/maintain aids to air navigation Investigate accidents and incidents 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Jeppesen Airmail pilot – Elrey V. Jeppesen Recorded detailed notes in notebook Charted “letdown procedures” for emergency airfields along routes Other pilots requested info 1934 – published airway information 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Airmail Scandal Postmaster James A. Farley Cancelled airmail contracts on 9 Feb 1934 Charged collusion between Previous Postmaster General Airmail contractors Congress investigates FDR – directs Army Air Corps to fly mail 19 February to 1 June Not prepared Fighter planes/trainers not appropriate Many pilots had little experience 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Army Air Corps Suspended service - March 10 to 19 Reorganize for safer operations 14,745 hours 1,707,559 miles flown $3.76 million dollars $2.21 per-mile cost Contract airlines - $0.54 Failed test of readiness 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Air Mail Scandal Congress force separation of Airlines flying mail from Companies that produced aviation equipment DC-3 emerged Requirement Airlines carry passengers without subsidy Popular with passengers Over 10,000 built in 1930s and 1940s 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

United States Pan American Scheduled service in 1927 Juan Trippe Secured monopoly rights on routes Passenger service across Pacific Ocean 1936 Prepared routes Constructed bases 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

Airships British Airships R. 100 R. 101 German Airships Graf Zeppelin Hearst funds Hindenberg 5. United States: The privatization of airmail through the Air Mail Act of 1925 inspired the formation of many airlines in the United States, and these airlines as well as aviation equipment makers merged, consolidated, and realigned into the Big Four conglomerates of the early 1930s. Air Commerce Act: The Air Commerce Act of 1926 stimulated the development of airways, the mapping of airways, the aeronautical study of weather, and the implementation of air regulations by the Department of Commerce, the Weather Service, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Jeppesen: Elrey B. Jeppesen ( ) in 1934 initiated an aviation publication business to provide pilots with aeronautical charts, landing procedures for various fields, and other flight-related information. Airmail Scandal: In 1934 President Franklin D. Roosevelt canceled all airmail contracts and ordered the Army to fly the mail amid a scandal over perceived excessive government subsidies; Congress investigated. Equipment operators (airlines) separated from equipment makers (manufacturers) in order to receive federal contracts. Pan American: Organized in 1927, Pan American Airways became the premier American airline operating internationally — fame cemented by its opening transpacific service in 1936 and transatlantic service in 1939. 6. Airships: The United States failed to develop commercial airships; and the British airship program, using airships derived from German designs, crashed with the R.101 in October 1930. German Airships: Graf Zeppelin rolled out of the construction hangar in 1927, flew around the world in 1929, and carried passengers on transatlantic flights in the 1930s, but it withdrew from service when the newer Hindenburg crashed in 1937 and destroyed public support for airships. 7. Commercial Aviation: Airlines dominated commercial aviation at the same time that aerial mapping, aerial photography, aerial tourism, air ambulance, bush flying, charter, crop dusting, flying physicians, forestry applications, and taxi service used small planes in commercial operation.

Aviation Radio and Military Aviation
Early Radios “Radios must be improved a lot” 775 of 8,000 civil aircraft Only 326 two-way capability Four-Course Radios Two directional signals “N” & “A” Figure 8 pattern On-course signal – steady dash Morse Code 1. Aviation Radio: The U.S. Army developed military radios, like the radio navigation system used by Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle in his historic demonstration of instrument flight of 1929, but the U.S. Department of Commerce developed radio navigation and radio communication systems for commercial aviation. 2. Early Radios: The weight of early airplane radios limited their installation and applications initially to large military and commercial airplanes. Four-Course Radios: A radio beacon on the ground broadcast two Morse code signals (the letters A and N, dot dash and dash dot respectively) on four courses radiating out from the ground station or marker, and the pilot aligned the plane with the on-course signal of one of the radials; a continuous hum where the sound of the two letters merged marked each radial. Accidents: Accidents illustrated how the four-course radio navigation system worked and failed to worked, as in the 1933 Boeing 247 crash approaching Burbank’s Union Terminal that killed filmmaker Martin Johnson. 3. Pacific Radios: Pan American installed a new short-wave, high-frequency radio system in the Pacific that provided long-range aid to aerial navigation, as opposed to the short-range capabilities of the low-frequency four-course radio system, but confusion during the 1930s over the developing radio systems contributed to crashes — like that of Amelia Earhart in 1937. 4. Military Aviation: During the relative peace of the 1930s the airplane gradually acquired greater military interest. Chaco War: Both Bolivia and Paraguay used airplanes in their border dispute of Fascism: The rise of Benito Mussolini’s Fascist dictatorship in Italy, of Francisco Franco’s Falange movement and rebellion in Spain, and particularly Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist or Nazi Party in Germany threatened world peace. Abyssinia: Italy used airplanes to drop bombs and poison gas on Ethiopian natives in an effort to add Abyssinia to the Italian empire.

Accidents Lack of familiarity with radio navigation Faulty reception Dec 1936 – Jan 1937 5 airliners crash Filmmaker Martin Johnson 1. Aviation Radio: The U.S. Army developed military radios, like the radio navigation system used by Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle in his historic demonstration of instrument flight of 1929, but the U.S. Department of Commerce developed radio navigation and radio communication systems for commercial aviation. 2. Early Radios: The weight of early airplane radios limited their installation and applications initially to large military and commercial airplanes. Four-Course Radios: A radio beacon on the ground broadcast two Morse code signals (the letters A and N, dot dash and dash dot respectively) on four courses radiating out from the ground station or marker, and the pilot aligned the plane with the on-course signal of one of the radials; a continuous hum where the sound of the two letters merged marked each radial. Accidents: Accidents illustrated how the four-course radio navigation system worked and failed to worked, as in the 1933 Boeing 247 crash approaching Burbank’s Union Terminal that killed filmmaker Martin Johnson. 3. Pacific Radios: Pan American installed a new short-wave, high-frequency radio system in the Pacific that provided long-range aid to aerial navigation, as opposed to the short-range capabilities of the low-frequency four-course radio system, but confusion during the 1930s over the developing radio systems contributed to crashes — like that of Amelia Earhart in 1937. 4. Military Aviation: During the relative peace of the 1930s the airplane gradually acquired greater military interest. Chaco War: Both Bolivia and Paraguay used airplanes in their border dispute of Fascism: The rise of Benito Mussolini’s Fascist dictatorship in Italy, of Francisco Franco’s Falange movement and rebellion in Spain, and particularly Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist or Nazi Party in Germany threatened world peace. Abyssinia: Italy used airplanes to drop bombs and poison gas on Ethiopian natives in an effort to add Abyssinia to the Italian empire.

Pacific Radios Pan Am Long-range direction-finding equipment Guided planes to islands Amelia Earhart flight Removed aerial and code wireless set Lack of preflight preparation and coordination 1. Aviation Radio: The U.S. Army developed military radios, like the radio navigation system used by Lieutenant Jimmy Doolittle in his historic demonstration of instrument flight of 1929, but the U.S. Department of Commerce developed radio navigation and radio communication systems for commercial aviation. 2. Early Radios: The weight of early airplane radios limited their installation and applications initially to large military and commercial airplanes. Four-Course Radios: A radio beacon on the ground broadcast two Morse code signals (the letters A and N, dot dash and dash dot respectively) on four courses radiating out from the ground station or marker, and the pilot aligned the plane with the on-course signal of one of the radials; a continuous hum where the sound of the two letters merged marked each radial. Accidents: Accidents illustrated how the four-course radio navigation system worked and failed to worked, as in the 1933 Boeing 247 crash approaching Burbank’s Union Terminal that killed filmmaker Martin Johnson. 3. Pacific Radios: Pan American installed a new short-wave, high-frequency radio system in the Pacific that provided long-range aid to aerial navigation, as opposed to the short-range capabilities of the low-frequency four-course radio system, but confusion during the 1930s over the developing radio systems contributed to crashes — like that of Amelia Earhart in 1937. 4. Military Aviation: During the relative peace of the 1930s the airplane gradually acquired greater military interest. Chaco War: Both Bolivia and Paraguay used airplanes in their border dispute of Fascism: The rise of Benito Mussolini’s Fascist dictatorship in Italy, of Francisco Franco’s Falange movement and rebellion in Spain, and particularly Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist or Nazi Party in Germany threatened world peace. Abyssinia: Italy used airplanes to drop bombs and poison gas on Ethiopian natives in an effort to add Abyssinia to the Italian empire.

Military Aviation Chaco War Abyssinia Spanish Civil War
Bolivia and Paraguay Identified need for modern aircraft Abyssinia Italy invaded Ethiopia Improved Italian aircraft production Produced long range bombers Spanish Civil War Germany used as proving ground Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy supported Franco’s successful attempt to overthrow the government of Spain, which the Soviet Union, United States, and other nations supported in the civil war, during which 15,000 people died in air raids flown by combatants on both sides. Nazi Germany: Once Adolf Hitler assumed power in Germany in 1933, he began expanding military aviation and civil flight training programs, and he established an Air Defense League for civil defense. Sino-Japanese Conflict: Japan invaded China in 1931 and used airplanes in the invasion and the long Sino-Japanese war that followed; this disrupted commercial airline operations in Asia. Military Expansion: The major nations of the world expanded their military air forces in the late 1930s. With accidents and airline scandals as exceptions, aviation experienced a Golden Age in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s as the industry expanded domestically within many countries and grew internationally, as the designs and production of airplanes increased applications and safety, and as the infrastructure of air navigation and air regulations developed.

Military Aviation Nazi Germany Sino-Japanese Conflict
Expanded borders with threat of war Sino-Japanese Conflict Expanded aircraft production Military Expansion New technology development Germany – 1,000 airplanes/month Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy supported Franco’s successful attempt to overthrow the government of Spain, which the Soviet Union, United States, and other nations supported in the civil war, during which 15,000 people died in air raids flown by combatants on both sides. Nazi Germany: Once Adolf Hitler assumed power in Germany in 1933, he began expanding military aviation and civil flight training programs, and he established an Air Defense League for civil defense. Sino-Japanese Conflict: Japan invaded China in 1931 and used airplanes in the invasion and the long Sino-Japanese war that followed; this disrupted commercial airline operations in Asia. Military Expansion: The major nations of the world expanded their military air forces in the late 1930s. With accidents and airline scandals as exceptions, aviation experienced a Golden Age in the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s as the industry expanded domestically within many countries and grew internationally, as the designs and production of airplanes increased applications and safety, and as the infrastructure of air navigation and air regulations developed.

Chapter 10 Modern Aerospace 1990 -.

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Chapter 10 Modern Aerospace 1990 -.

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