1. Pollution Control Department; May 8th- 9th 2018, Bangkok, Thailand
“Review & Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Thailand”. TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR UPDATING INVENTORY OF INITIAL/NEW POPs
Pollution Control Department; May 8th- 9th 2018, Bangkok, Thailand
Inventory of POP-PBDE listed in the transport sector & minor use sectors.
Dr. Roland Weber
POPs Environmental Consulting,
73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany 1

2. Guidances for the Stockholm Convention NIP update
Inventory Guidances
General guidance
Guidance for the control of the import and export of POPs
Guidance for strengthening the regulatory framework to enable regular monitoring products and articles that may contain new POPs
Guidance for BAT /BEP for production & use of PFOS
Labelling of
products and articles
Action plan development
Guidance for BAT /BEP for recycling & waste disposal of articles containing PBDEs
Guidance for socio-economic assessments
Guidance for action plan costing
Guidance for developing a NIP
PFOS inventory guidance
PBDE inventory guidance
HBCD inventory guidance
PCN inventory guidance
PCP inventory guidance
Guidance for BAT /BEP for HBCD management
REVISED
HCBD inventory guidance
Dioxin/U-POP Toolkit
Monitoring POPs articles and products
NEW 2

3. Inventory guidance for POP-PBDEs listed 2009
Inventory Guidance for POP-PBDEs (Section 1)
Inventory Steps for POP-PBDEs (Section 3)
Former POP-PBDE production and uses (Section 2)
Electronics (Section 4)
Transportation & end-of-life vehicles (Section 5)
Other uses (Section 6)
In use
Recycle
Waste
Furniture
Textiles
Construction materials
Contaminated sites (Section 7)
Inventory report
Inventory of POP-PBDEs (Sections 4-7)
Plastic in Electronics are the largest

4. FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses
Sectors for conducting a POP-PBDE inventory
ELECTRONICS
TRANSPORT
CRT Monitor
CONSTAMINATED SITES
RECYCLING
FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses

5. Steps to conduct a POP-PBDE inventory

6. Identification & Inventory of new POPs in the life cycle stages
POP-PBDE containing articles/materials are identified in the key life cycle stages relevant for inventory
In this section, for the individual new POPs the most relevant products and articles which warrant monitoring are briefly described. The assessment is described along the life cycle stages − production, industrial use, commercial products, recycling, and end-of-life − for the new POPs. An overview of the stakeholders responsible for the monitoring of new POPs along the life cycle is given in Figure 2.

7. FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses
Sectors for conducting a POP-PBDE inventory
ELECTRONICS
TRANSPORT
CRT Monitor
CONSTAMINATED SITES
RECYCLING
FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses

8. Transport Sector (Chapter 5)
Transport is a large material flow of goods and waste:
Cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships
In developing countries the transport fleet is often growing.
Highly relevant material flow: recovery of materials and of managing pollutants.
POP-PBDEs in transport sector:
C-PentaBDE: a major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic systems, back-coating of textiles). Major use: North America
C-OctaBDE: Minor use in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels, bumpers).
C-DecaBDE: Use in plastics (e.g. cables, electronic parts). Still exemption for use of DecaBDE in vehicles.
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)

9. Transport Sector
Industrial countries:
Lifespan of approx. 10 to 12 years: most vehicles containing POP-PBDEs have partly been treated by the existing waste management or have been exported to developing countries.
Developing/transition countries:
Likely a large stockpiles for POP-PBDE containing vehicles (used for extended periods until break-down).
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.
Please Note: The inventory and management of POP- PBDE containing materials in the transport sector should be integrated within the overall inventory and management of end-of-life vehicles (see POP-PBDEs BAT/BEP guidance).

10. Data compilation for POP- PBDE (2009) in End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)
Currently it is not known which vehicles producer have used POP-PBDEs for which years. Only few monitoring data of POP-PBDEs in vehicles published and only a few data on POP-PBDEs in residues.
No inventory approach developed yet for DecaBDE listed only 2017.
The following factors are provided/suggested to estimate the presence of POP-PBDEs in this sector:
For which years POP-PBDEs listed in 2009 might have been used in transport sector (1975 to 2004) (5.2)
Factors for calculating the quantitative amount of POP-PBDEs
Amount of POP-PBDEs in individual vehicles (5.3)
Number of POP-PBDEs impacted vehicles (5. 3)
Regional differences of use of POP-PBDEs in vehicles and factors to account for the regional differences (5.3)
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.

11. SC Guidance formula used for calculating POP-PBDE listed 2009 inventory in vehicles
The following basic formula from the POP-PBDE Inventory Guidance is used to calculate the POP-PBDEs content of vehicles for the different categories (cars/trucks or busses) in the live cycle stages:
Amount of POP-PBDEs (Vehicle category) =
Number of vehiclescategory (manufactured 1975 to 2004) x amount POP-PBDEcategory x Fregional
Where:
Number of vehiclescategory is the number of vehicles (manufactured ) present in a category (car, bus or truck) calculated for the different life cycle stages.
Amount POP-PBDEscategory is the amount of POP-PBDEs in a individual car, truck or bus treated with POP-PBDEs
Fregional The regional factor of estimated percentage of POP-PBDE impacted vehicles produced in a region (1975s to 2004)

12. Inventory in the life cycle
Transport Sector –
Inventory in the life cycle
For data compilation of POP-PBDEs in the transport sector it is useful to inventory the vehicles in the relevant life cycle stages.
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.

13. Initial assessment and preliminary inventory
An aim of the initial assessment is to find out what inventory data on the transport sector are already available in a country.
Available data on the transport sector may be gathered from national and international statistics, and statistics of related industrial associations (importers of vehicles, end-of-life treatment) and ministries with relevant information.
Such data might be sufficient for a preliminary inventory.
Could mention that

14. Initial assessment and preliminary inventory
Data to be gathered for the initial assessment include:
Number of registered vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) in use and on sale in the country, including:
Year of manufacture (for estimating the share of vehicles manufactured between 1975 to 2004);
Approximate percentage distribution of the regions from which the vehicles were imported;
If this information is not available, it might be estimated by extrapolation of available statistical data and expert judgment.
Numbers of imported (and exported) vehicles and vehicles produced in the country including available data from:
International statistics on the trade of vehicles;
National import (and export) statistics, and import statistics from customs and port authorities;
Information from importers (and exporter) or retailers.
Could mention that

15. Initial assessment and preliminary inventory
Data to be gathered for the initial assessment include:
Numbers of vehicles having reached their end-of-life stage in the past (from 1980) until the inventory year (considering the proportion produced between 1975 and 2004):
This information could be derived from deregistration of vehicles, statistics compiled on end-of-life vehicles or by the average (estimated) lifespan.
Available information on current & past waste management practices of end-of-life vehicles in the country:
This information to be compiled in respect to the polymer fraction.
Recycling practices of polymers from end-of-life treatment of cars/vehicles:
This information should include the plastics (dashboard, bumpers etc.) and PUR foams (seats and head/arm rest etc.).
Could mention that

16. Data compilation of POP-PBDE in Vehicles (cars, busses, trucks) in life cycle stages
Amount of POP-PBDEs in vehicle (produced 1975 to 2004 ).
in a) import b) current use c) ELV d) deposited
Check Excel)
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.

17. POP-PBDEs Inventory in the Life Cycle of Vehicles
Summary of the inventory of POP-PBDE homologues present in the life cycle stages of vehicles.
If larger domestic recycling activities of WEEE polymers take place then measurements of the used WEEE polymers should be conducted. If POP-BDEs (HexaBDE and HeptaBDE ) are detected in the input material then also the products that are manufactured from these materials should be inventoried.
* in the respective inventory year

18. Data compilation of recycling of polymers from End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)
Most of the polymer fraction from ELVs are disposed in landfills/dumps even in industrial countries or are incinerated and are mostly not recycled.
Recycling of PUR foam and plastic from ELVs might be performed by specialized companies or by the informal sector. Such operations would be assessed & inventoried.
Extent of recycling/separation is quantified (inventory), and technologies and approaches used can be reviewed by referring to the POP-PBDEs BAT/BEP guideline.
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.

19. Other pollutants and recyclables from End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) and inventory use
The POP-PBDE, HBCD, DecaBDE are just a part of pollutants in end of life vehicles. Other pollutants to consider for management:
Other POPs: PCB (in older vehicles); PCP/SCCP in leather.
Chlorinated fluorinated carbons (CFC) and HFCs/FCs in air conditioning systems of vehicles as ODS and GHG.
Lead batteries, Hg and Cadmium
Lithium batteries from E-vehicles (upcoming)
Other pollutants/hazardous materials
Petroleum; Oil recovery from vehicle shock absorbers;
Detonation of airbags.
(Note: countries with production need to consider manufactured vehicles)
The transport sector (cars, busses, trucks, trains, planes, ships) is one of the large material flows of goods in the society and finally also a large waste and recycling flow. Cars and other vehicles (trucks and busses) make the largest share of transport sector. Although ships also have become an important part of end-of-life wastes addressed as a priority by the Basel Convention ( they are not included in the scope of this inventory.
The end-of-life management of the transport sector has a highly relevant material flow in respect to recovery of materials and of managing pollutants (Vermeulen et al 2011).
A large part of c-PentaBDE has been used within the transport sector with major use in flexible PUR foams (automotive seating; head rests; car ceilings, acoustic management systems) and minor use in back-coating of textiles on car seat. Further c-OctaBDE has been used to some extent in plastics parts (steering wheels; dashboards; door panels). For simplification a total c-PentaBDE amount is considered for PUR foam and textile.
The use of c-OctaBDE in the plastic fraction (dashboard etc.) is not considered in this inventory since it’s total use in transport sector is considered of minor importance compared to c-PentaBDE (in the PUR foam/textile fraction) and is excluded from the inventory for reasons of simplification. Only for the recycling of the plastic fraction (section 5.4.4) a factor for c-OctaBDE is given for the estimation of POP-BDEs in this activity.
But also recyclables: Iron, aluminium, copper, platinum, tyres

20. FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses
Sectors for conducting a POP-PBDE inventory
ELECTRONICS
TRANSPORT
CRT Monitor
CONSTAMINATED SITES
RECYCLING
FURNITURE, MATTRESSES, TEXTILES, Other minor uses

21. PBDE inventory in other (former) uses
Other uses of POP-PBDEs (furniture, mattresses, textiles, construction materials, rubber, and drilling operation) are thought to be of minor relevance for most countries due to:
Relative low overall use volumes of POP-PBDEs in most of these other application (except furniture for which a large share of c-PentaBDEs was used in PUR foam);
Lack of flammability standards in most countries for these use areas (only a few countries had flammability standards e.g. for furniture in US and UK);
Limited export of such flame retarded second hand articles from countries with flammability standards and related stocks (e.g. export of furniture from US or UK).

22. PBDE inventory in other (former) uses
Furniture/mattresses: Countries with certain flammability standards (US and UK) or imports from these countries.
Textile: Limited volume of c-PentaBDE has been used in textiles. However Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) has been used in larger amount in textiles (higher relevance).
Construction (rigid PUR foam*): Minor use of c-PentaBDE. For the inventory construction companies could be interviewed on former use of POP-PBDEs in rigid PUR foam. (However major use of HBCD is insulation (XPS and EPS).
If countries consider establishing PBDE inventory for some of these uses it is advised to seek data on % of impacted materials in the region or apply bromine screening (Tier 3).

23. Pollution Control Department; May 8th- 9th 2018, Bangkok, Thailand
“Review & Update of the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Thailand”. TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR UPDATING INVENTORY OF INITIAL/NEW POPs
Pollution Control Department; May 8th- 9th 2018, Bangkok, Thailand
Inventory of HBCD in major use sectors
Dr. Roland Weber
POPs Environmental Consulting,
73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany 23

24. HBCD major use areas and materials to be addressed by inventory & BAT/BEP24
HBCD use in polystyene (EPS/XPS) polymers
Largest amount used in construction (>90% of total HBCD)
Minor amount in EPS packaging (also from recycling Rani et al 2014)
Minor HBCD use in electronic polymers (High Impact Polystyrene)
HBCD use in textile coating applications
Performance textiles (e.g. upholstery transport/furniture, curtains).
Specific clothing (e.g. fire fighters; military; children sleepwear).

25. Content of HBCD Inventory Guidance (draft)
Inventory Guidance for HBCD (Section) 1)
Former HBCD production and uses (Section 2)
Inventory Steps for HBCD (Section 3)
Inventory of HBCD (Sections 4-8)
Production, import/export HBCD (Section 4)
HBCD in XPS/EPS (Section 5)
Construction – Packaging – Furniture – Dishes – Recycling
Textiles: (Section 6) Transport – Indoor – Clothes
Minor uses (Section 7) – EEE/WEEE – Paints – Coatings – Binders
Plastic in Electronics are the largest
Import
Production
Export
Contaminated sites (Section 8)
Alternatives (Section 9)
Inventory report

26. Steps to conduct a HBCD inventory

27. Major stakeholders for HBCD inventory

28. HBCD used/present in the construction sector (tier II)
Total volume of EPS used in the construction sector
HBCD content (%)
Total amount of HBCD in EPS in construction sector
Volume of EPS* newly used in construction in the inventory year
……………….tonnes
0.5 to 0.7 %
Volume of EPS* used x 0.5 to 0.7 %
= …………….. kg of HBCD
Total volume of EPS* present in construction
Volume of XPS* in construction
% of HBCD content
Total amount of HBCD in XPS* in construction sector
Volume of XPS* newly used in construction
……………..tonnes
0.8 to 2.5 %
Amount of HBCD in XPS* newly used in construction in the inventory year
= …………..…………kg of HBCD
Total volume of XPS* present in construction
…………………. Tonnes
Total amount of HBCD in XPS* in construction
= …………kg of HBCD
* If only a share of EPS/XPS in construction contain HBCD then only this share would be considered in the calculation of HBCD.

29. HBCD present in End-of-life wastes from the construction sector (tier II)
Total amount of EPS entering the waste stream, in the inventory year
% of HBCD content
Total amount of HBCD in EPS entering into the waste stream in construction sector, in the inventory year
Amount of EPS going to landfill
Amount of EPS going into thermal treatment
Amount of EPS going into recycling5
0.5 to 0.7 %
Amount of HBCD in EPS going to landfill
= ……………..kg of HBCD
Amount of HBCD in EPS going into thermal/ treatment = ………………kg of HBCD
Amount of HBCD in EPS going into recycling5
Total amount of XPS entering the waste stream, in the inventory year
Total amount of HBCD in XPS entering into the waste stream in construction sector, in the inventory year
Amount of XPS going to landfill
Amount of XPS going into thermal treatment
Amount of XPS going into recycling5
0.8 to 2.5 %
Amount of HBCD in XPS going to landfill
Amount of HBCD in XPS going into thermal/ treatment = ………………kg of HBCD
Amount of HBCD in XPS going into recycling5
*If it is not possible to assess EPS and XPS separately then a combined calculation for EPS/XPS might be conducted with a determined average HBCD content.

30. HBCD in recycling of EPS/XPS (tier II)
EPS materials used in recycling (tonnes)
HBCD present or absent and content (ppm)
Products made from recycling (tonnes)
Related HBCD content (ppm)
Waste generated during recycling (tonnes)
XPS materials used in recyling (tonnes)

31. HBCD in EPS/XPS (tier III)
An in-depth inventory can consist of a field survey of the share of HBCD containing materials in the different applications. This might include screening of XPS and EPS for bromine or HBCD.
The amount of HBCD use in packaging is not well documented with regional differences and an inventory of this sector might only lead to a reasonable data by involving monitoring approaches. Bromine positive samples of XPS/EPS (packaging and furniture and minor uses) can be considered to contain HBCD since HBCD was up to now the only brominated flame retardant used in EPS and XPS.
Handheld XRF equipment has been purchased from a range of developing countries in the frame of the NIP update and these countries would be able to do a national/regional) assessment.
Also not all EPS and XPS applications in buildings and construction might contain HBCD. Therefore the information gathered in Tier I and Tier II might be validated, confirmed or refined by XRF screening (approach describing HBCD and Br-polymer) for bromine content of the different applications of EPS and XPS in the construction sector

32. HBCD in EPS/XPS (tier III)
Overall use of EPS and XPS in the building and construction sector and the amount of HBCD in these uses.
Amount of (potentially) HBCD containing XPS and EPS currently used in new buildings and construction and availability and use of XPS/EPS with alternative flame retardants or other approaches for fire safety insulation in construction.
Regulation on flammability standards in the country requiring and determining flame retardant use in building & construction.
Estimated amount of HBCD impacted packaging materials.
End of end-of-life management of HBCD containing XPS and EPS including reuse, recycling, treatment, destruction and disposal of HBCD containing EPS/XPS polymers. For compiling this information also consult the related draft Basel Convention guideline (Secretariat of the Basel Convention 2014)

33. HBCD in textiles (minor use; meanwhile stopped)
The second important application is in polymer dispersion on cotton or cotton mixed with synthetic blends or synthetic, in the back-coating of textiles (UNEP 2010).
Also the use in textiles was considerable lower than for XPS/EPS the environmental releases of these two applications were similar in Europe (ECHA 2009).
The use of HBCD in textile is not listed as exemption. However HBCD might still be used in textiles in countries having not ratified the Stockholm Convention or which have not yet ratified the HBCD amendment and where industry have not yet switched to alternative flame retardants.
The application of flame retardants in textiles depends on the flammability standards in the different countries (Horrocks 2013; Shaw et al. 2010). Flammability standards define for which application specific material requirements in respect to ignitability is made which trigger the use of flame retardants.

34. HBCD in textiles
Textile applications for HBCD (EU Commission 2008; UNEP 2010a):
Residential and commercial upholstered furniture;
Seating and other textile interior in transport (trains, planes, ships);
Automobile interior textiles;
Wall coverings and draperies;
Interior textiles e.g. roller blinds and curtains;
Bed mattress ticking;
Protective clothing and other technical textiles;
Tents;
Other treated textiles.
Depends on national standards.

35. HBCD material and substance flow China
Processes, stocks, transfer coefficients (TCs), emission factors (EFs), destruction rate (DR) and lifespan distribution (DLS) in lifecycle system of HBCD and HBCD-containing end-products.
Li L. Weber R, Liu J, Hu J (2016) Environment International
91, 291–300

36. HBCD material and substance flow China
Diagrammatic definition of the shares of four end-of-life disposal options under the baseline scenario (I) and three alternative scenarios (II to IV).
Li L, Weber R, Liu J, Hu J (2016) Environment International 91, 291–300.

37. HBCD material and substance flow China
Evolution of in-use and waste stocks of HBCD in China under the baseline scenario.
Li L. Weber R, Liu J, Hu J (2016) Environment International
91, 291–300

38.  Life cycle of POP-BFRs and contaminated sites Emission Sources
Environmental
Transport
Exposure
Routes
Thermal (e.g. bad incineration,
metal industry,
recycling accidential fires)
Intergenerational
Atmosphere
PBDEs/HBCD Production sites
Inhalation
Food ingestion
Plants
Reservoirs
(landfills, contaminated
sites, stockpiles sludges, soils, sediments)
Occupational
Land
Accidental
SSl
Animals/
Cattle
PBDEs/HBCD Use (e.g. plastic EEE, PUF, textiles)
Exposure pathways for risk management – this is science
Products
(e.g. Electronics, furniture, cars, plain, train, textiles, mattresses etc.)
Indoor
(dust, air)
Fish &
Shellfish
Aquatic 
Recycled Products 38

39. Potentially POP-BFR Contaminated Sites
PBDEs
Routes of PBDE contamination
Surface water
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Agriculture
Domestic Sources
Transportation
Landfill & non-recycled waste
Industrial Pollution
Soil
Groundwater
Biosolids

40. Potentially PBDE Contaminated Sites
Former PBDE production sites (only in a few countries)
(Former) Application of PBDEs in industries. Production sites of flame retarded
plastic
polyurethane foam
textiles
others
End-of-life treatment of PBDE containing materials

41. Potentially POP-PBDE-Contaminated Sites
End-of-life treatment
Recycling area of WEEE
Recycling areas and landfills with deposited wastes and ashes
Metal industries and shredders treating POP-PBDE- containing materials
Treatment site and deposited wastes/ashes
Deposition of POP-PBDE-containing waste
Landfill and surrounding from leachate from POP-PBDE- containing wastes
Non-BAT incineration of POP-PBDE containing waste
Deposits of ash from incineration
Discharge of POP-PBDEs via wastewater
Sewage sludge with particular impact
Application sites of sludges containing POP-PBDEs
Agriculture land

42. Potentially HBCD-Contaminated Sites
Live cycle stage
Activities
Locations
HBCD production
(Former) Production
Production site
(Former) Destruction of production waste
Sites where production waste has been destroyed
Disposal of waste from production
Landfills related to waste from production
Former water discharge
River sediment and banks related to releases from production site
Sites where EPS and XPS have been used in production
EPS/XPS industry (formerly) using HBCD
Site of production; Landfill site of related wastes;
Impacted surface waters (sediment and flood plains)
Textile industry and other industries (formerly) using HBCD
Factories micronising HBCD
Use of HBCD
Sites where EPS and XPS is used
Soil impacted from buildings/city
Accidental fire in building
Soil/environment around fire accidents with HBCD PS
End-of-life treatment
Recycling HBCD containing materials
Recycling areas and landfills with deposited wastes
Deposition of HBCD-containing waste
Landfill and surrounding from leachate from HBCD- containing wastes
Open burning or non-BAT incineration of HBCD-containing waste[2]
Related sites and sites were residues/ashes are disposed
Application sites of HBCD impacted sewage sludge
Agriculture land
[1] The comparison of HBCD in soils in UK cities compared to rural environment revealed higher levels in cities with some peak concentration in city soil (Harrad et al. 2010).
[2] The combustion of HBCD-containing waste in state of art incinerators does not lead to relevant releases of HBCD or PBDD/F (Mark et al. 2015; Weber et al. 2003).

43. Contaminated Site Inventory Information
Types/quantities of POP-BFRs-containing materials disposed
The names and addresses of those entities responsible for disposal of POP-BFR-containing materials
Details of the treatment of waste before disposal
Records of site contamination
Information on the monitoring of contaminated sites
Records of on-going monitoring and research. However there are no soil limits for POP-BFRs developed.

44. Thank you for your attention ! Questions?
More Information
Basel Convention:
Rotterdam Convention:
Stockholm Convention:
Montreal Protocol/Vienna Convention:
SAICM:
POPs phase out & alternatives
OECD:
Science:
NGO:
Better-world-links:
That was only a brief