1. The Human Body: An Orientation1
The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Taking Notes & Preparing for class
These Power Points (ppt) contain mostly an outline of the Chapter Topics (Main & Sub-headings), so students SHOULD print the ppts out and use them to take notes during class.
When taking notes, write the information quickly, use abbreviations, and leave out unnecessary words. Get the main points and examples, especially items repeated or written on the board.
After class, go through your notes and add information you did not write down. Use the textbook to fill in missed parts. (To fascilatate this, the ppt outlines follow the same topic order as the text chapters)
The outlines have Main Topics as Roman Numerals, I II III IV V VI, and Capital English Letters as Sub-topics, A B C D. Each Sub-topic can be divided further using numbers and lower case letters.
Headings followed by “Students Do” are parts you must do on your usually after class and using the text.
Headings and parts under them with a red asterisk * before them, are outline parts u must do before the class in which the items are discussed = potential homework I may ask you to turn them in.

3. Ch 1 The Human Body—An Orientation
Introduction
Anatomy =
B. Physiology =
C. Anatomy—Levels of Study
1. Gross anatomy =
2. Microscopic anatomy =
D. Levels of Organization: Atoms  Molecules  Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems  Organism
E. Organ Systems Overview ** Students Do **
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems

4. D. Levels of Organization
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules. 2
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3
Blood
vessels
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organismal level
Human organisms are made up of many organ
systems. 6
Connective
tissue
Cardio–
vascular
system
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 4
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5
Figure 1.1

5. 1. Smallest Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
Figure 1.1, step 1

6. 4. Organ level 5. Organ System level 6. Organismal level
Figure 1.1, step 4

7. Figure 1.1 Molecules Smooth muscle cell Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules. 2
Atoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules. 1
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessels
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 3
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
Organismal level
Human organisms are made up of many organ
systems. 6
Connective
tissue
Cardio–
vascular
system
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 4
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. 5
Figure 1.1

8. E. Organ Systems Overview * Students Do Organ Systems * parts & functions
1. INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Figure 1.2a

9. Returns _______ to blood Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Returns _______ to blood
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2d

10. 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTIVE
Figure 1.2f

11. E. Necessary Life Functions * Know importance/function and Organ Systems
1. Maintain boundaries
Entire Organism
Cells
2. Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion
5. Metabolism
6. Excretion
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

12. E. Necessary Life Functions * Know importance/function and Organ Systems
1. Maintain boundaries
Entire Organism
Cells
2. Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
3. Responsiveness
4. Digestion

13. Necessary Life Functions …
5. Metabolism
Chemical Reactions
Produces energy
Regulated by hormones
6. Excretion
Eliminates what?
urine
7. Reproduction
8. Growth

14. G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems
F. Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
Types:
General Function
2. Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
3. Water
Percent in body =
Abundance:
Chemical reactions
4. Stable body temperature
37°C (98°F)
5. Atmospheric pressure
for gas exchange
G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems

15. G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
G. Interrelatioinships Between the Organ Systems
Heart & Lungs
Food O2
CO2
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Blood
CO2 O2
Heart
Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions
Nutrients
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Feces
Urine

16. II. Homeostasis
A. Definition: Homeostasis—maintenance of a dynamic state of equilibrium
Set Point & Range of Values:
B. Components
1. Receptor (sensor)
Monitors:
Receives stimuli
Sends information
2. Control Center =
Receives:
Determines range of values for life
Decision :
3. Effector (Organ or Gland)
Creates the response

17. II. Homeostasis A. Deffinition: Homeostasis—maintenance of a
dynamic state of equilibrium
Set Point
Range of Values

18. B. Components - 3 Main Parts that are Body Structures
1. Receptor (sensor, afferent)
Monitors:
Receives stimuli
Sends information
2. Control Center =
Determines range of values for life
Receives:
Decision :

19. Body Temperature Example
3. Effector (Organ or Gland, Efferent)
Receives:
Creates the response
Body Temperature Example
Effectors
98.6
Effectors
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

20. C. Types 1. Negative Feedback
STIMULUS
Response and Stimuli are in opposite directions
Examples: Body Temperature, Blood Sugar, Breathing Rate, …
---
RECEPTOR
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR

21. 2. Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Response is:
Stimulus keeps getting stronger and stronger
Some climax event causes
the + feedback to shut
down, usually suddenly
Two Examples

22. Response and Stimuli are in the same direction
2. Positive Feedback
STIMULUS
Response and Stimuli are in the same direction
Stimulus keeps getting stronger and stronger
Finally
Ends
Example
NEXT
SLIDE +
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
RESPONSE
EFFECTOR

23. Example: Child Birth STIMULUS + RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE
Positive Feedback …
STIMULUS
Pressure on Cervix
Example: Child Birth +
RECEPTOR
Pressure Sensors
CONTROL CENTER
Brain & Hormones
RESPONSE
Uterus Contracts
EFFECTOR
Muscles of Uterus

24. D. Pathways for information flow
Afferent Pathway
Information flow from Receptors
Efferent Pathway
Information flow to Effectors
Control
Center
RECEPTORS
EFFECTORS

25. III. The Language of Anatomy
A. Introduction– terms are used for
1. Position
2. Direction
3. Regions
4. Structures

26. **Know all Major Regions & sub-regions with a * in front of them **
B. Regional Terms
Cephalic
Anterior Body Regions: The Body is Made up of Major Regions (underlined) and Sub-regions for the Anterior Surface and Posterior Surface. Many of the regions are the same for both Anterior (front) and Posterior (back), but many are different
**Know all Major Regions & sub-regions with a * in front of them **
* Frontal
Orbital
Upper limb
* Nasal
Acromial
Buccal
Deltoid
*Oral
. *Brachial (arm)
Mental
Antecubital
Cervical
Thoracic
*Antebrachial
*Sternal
(forearm)
Axillary
Abdominal
Carpal (wrist)
* Umbilical
Pelvic
Manus (hand)
* Inguinal
(groin)
*Digital
Lower limb
*Coxal (hip)
*Femoral (thigh)
*Patellar
Crural (leg)
KEY:
Fibular
Thorax
*Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
. *Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral

27. Regional Terms … 2. Posterior Body Regions Cephalic Upper limb
. *Occipital (back
of head)
Upper limb
2. Posterior Body Regions
Acromial
Cervical
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Back (dorsal)
Antebrachial
Scapular
(forearm)
. *Vertebral
. *Lumbar
Manus (hand)
. *Sacral
Digital
. *Gluteal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
KEY:
Thorax
Pedal (foot)
Abdomen
* Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal

28. C. Directional Terms 1. Above & Below Superior (cranial or cephalad):
Inferior (caudal):
2. Front & Back
Ventral (anterior):
Dorsal (posterior):

29. 3. Inner & Outer
Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; inner side
Lateral: away from the midline of the body; outer side
Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure

30. 4. Closer To & Farther From
Proximal: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

31. Directional Terms … 5. Near Surface & Deeper
Superficial: toward or at the body surface
Deep: away from the body surface; more internal

32. Sections through the body showing a particular Surface
- used for Surgery Cuts & Imaging
1. Sagittal Section:
- Median, Midsagittal:
2. Frontal or Coronal Section:

33. (a) Median (midsagittal) (b) Frontal (coronal) plane
3. Transverse or Cross Section
4. Examples of sections/planes through the body
(a) Median (midsagittal)
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
(c) Transverse plane
Vertebral
column
Right
lung
Left
lung
Spinal
cord
Heart
Liver
Aorta
Spleen
Figure 1.6
Rectum
Intestines
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Subcutaneous
fat layer
Stomach

34. E. Body Cavities 1. Dorsal body cavity a. Cranial cavity:
b. Spinal cavity:
2. Ventral body cavity
Thoracic cavity:
Continued next slide 
b. Abdominopelvic cavity:
DORSAL CAVITY
VENTRAL CAVITY

35. a. Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Mediastinum

36. b. Abdominopelvic Cavity i) Abdominal ii) Pelvic
Other Body Cavities
Cranial
cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Spinal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity

37. F. Surface Subdivisions of Abdominopelvic Region and Cavity
1. Quadrants
Right upper
quadrant
(RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant
(LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant
(RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant
(LLQ)
Figure 1.8

38. 2. Nine Anatomical Regions– Text page 21
a. Naming the Regions
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Right
hypo-
chondriac
region
Left
hypo-
chondriac
region
Gallbladder
Transverse
colon of large
intestine
Epigastric
region
Ascending
colon of large
intestine
Descending
colon of large
intestine
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Small intestine
Cecum
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Right iliac
(inguinal)
region
Hypogastric
(pubic)
region
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions
showing the superficial organs
Gastric : Stomach Hypo: Below
Chondriac: Ribs Epi; Above or on surface of
Iliac: Groin
Figure 1.9a-b

39. (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Organs in the 9 Regions
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right Hypochondriac
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac (Right Inguinal)
Left Iliac (Left Inguinal)
Diaphragm
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Transverse
colon of large
intestine
Ascending
colon of large
intestine
Descending
colon of large
intestine
Left
lumbar
region
Small intestine
Cecum
Initial part of
sigmoid colon
Left iliac
(inguinal)
region
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions
showing the superficial organs

40. END

41. Sweat glands & blood vessels
1. Negative Feedback …
Example 1: Body Temperature
Example 2: Body is too cold
STIMULUS
Body is too Hot
---
RECEPTOR
Sensors in Skin
CONTROL CENTER
Brain
RESPONSE
Temperature ↓
EFFECTOR
Sweat glands & blood vessels