1. European Society & State Development 1500-1750
Chapter 16

2. Social Hierarchy Kings Nobility
Merchants, professionals, bourgeoisie (urban merchants), and gentry (landowners, but not nobility)
Urban dwellers, peasants

3. Cities
Grew because of trade, manufacturing, & finance Much competition for labor
Conditions worsen because rural poor move to cities for work
Rise in crime
Rebellions:
Food shortages
High taxes

4. Amsterdam, Netherlands
Dutch textile industry
Europe’s financial center
Most of Europe’s shipping in 17th century
Joint-stock companies

5. Rural Areas Even though peasants are free, conditions worsen
Warfare
Environment
Raise in prices
Grain too expensive
Turn to maize & potatoes
Much deforestation

6. Women Status/rights dependent upon husband
Class & wealth of family determines freedoms
Unmarried & widows have worst conditions
Much more choosing of spouses here as compared to rest of world, BUT the higher the status, the less of a choice
Most barred from education

7. State Development

8. Political Centralization
Separate kingdoms
Competition between them created a balance of power – temporary alliances to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful
Internal conflicts
Building of impressive armies

10. Holy Roman Empire Charles V
Inherited Spanish thrones of Castile & Aragon
Wanted to centralize power & unite against Ottomans
Francis I of France jealous; supported attacks
German princes prefer Protestantism (power)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)

11. Spain Successful in defending Catholicism against Protestantism
Spanish Inquisition
King Philip II
Brought central unity
Strengthened monarchy

12. England Separation from Catholic Church
Henry VIII
Church of England (Anglican)
Puritans (Calvinists)
Power struggle between monarchs & Parliament
Charles I - English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
James II – Glorious Revolution
Bill of Rights (1689)
Parliament must be called
Reaffirmed power of Church of England

13. France Catholicism maintained Monarchs able to maintain absolutism
Louis XIV
Versailles