1. Animal Behavior
Taxonomy Mini-unit 9

2. Innate Behavior
Behavior is anything an animal does in response to a stimulus.
A stimulus is an environmental change that directly influences the activity of an organism

3. Innate Behavior Animals carry on behaviors with adaptive value:
Getting food
Avoiding predators
Caring for young
Finding shelter
Attracting mates
Enable reproduction & survival of species

4. Innate Behavior
Inherited Behavior Natural selection favors certain behaviors.
To capture prey, toads detect & follow movement. The tongue flipping out is a fixed action pattern.

5. Innate Behavior Genes form the basis for innate behavior.
Hormonal balance
Nervous system
Sense organs for sight, touch, sound odor ID
Affect how sensitive organisms are to stimuli

6. Innate Behavior Types Automatic responses Reflexes
Involves no conscious control
Fight or flight response controlled by hormones & nervous system

7. Innate Behavior Types Fixed Action Patterns Instincts
Quick automatic response
Courtship rituals
Instincts
Complex pattern of innate behavior
Animal recognizes stimulus & continues until all parts of behavior are accomplished

8. Innate Behavior – Automatic
Aggressive behavior threatens other animals
Used to intimidate others of same species
To defend young, territory or resource

9. Innate Behavior – Fixed action pattern
Courtship Behavior
Bowerbirds create displays to attract mates

10. Innate Behavior – Fixed Action Pattern
Fireflies flash distinctive light patterns that are species specific.

11. Innate Behavior – Instinctual
Territoriality reduces competition.
A territory is a physical space an animal defends against others of its species.
Breeding area
Feeding area
Potential mates
Male Siberian Tigers

12. Innate Behavior – Instinctual
Mark territories with pheromones
Attack & drive intruders away
Improves survival of young and of the species
Lion performing scuffing ceremony.

13. Innate Behavior - Instinctual
Submission leads to dominance hierarchies
Form of social ranking within a group in which some are subordinate or dominant to others
Hierarchy innate but position may be learned
Wolves with female dominance hierarchy

14. 33.1 Innate Behavior - Instinctual
Hibernation
State in which body temp drops, oxygen consumption & breathing rate drops
Conserves energy
Estivation
Reduced metabolism for living in extreme heat or to drought or lack of food (amphibians)

15. Learned Behavior When behavior changes due to practice or experience
Allows animals to adapt to change
Especially important to those with longer life spans
Black bears have learned to choose minivans as targets for raiding food! (Nat. Geo)

16. Learned Behavior Habituation
An animal becomes habituated when it no longer responds to a stimulus.
The gorillas shown here are habituated to the presence of humans.

17. Learned Behavior Imprinting
Form of learning that occurs at a specific critical time forming a social attachment to an object or individual
Birds imprint within a day or two of hatching
Usually irreversible
CA condor w/ puppet

18. Learned Behavior By trial & error
Animal receives a reward for making a particular response
Motivation is internal need that causes an animal to act; necessary for learning to take place
Usually involves satisfying a need

19. Learned Behavior Classical conditioning- learning by association
Pavlov noted that dogs salivate at smell of food
By ringing a bell when presenting food he established association
Eventually sound of bell resulted in dog salivating
Conditioned response
Ivan Pavlov

20. Learned Behavior Insight- most complex kind of learning
Animal uses previous experience to respond to new situation
Ex. Learning where to fish
Sea Otter

21. Learned Behavior
Communication- exchange of info resulting in a change of behavior

22. Learned Behavior Communicate by sound Vibrate in all directions
Warnings, invitations, location, species even gender
Wolf Howling

23. Learned Behavior Signal by odors- Ant odor trails Moth pheromones
Scent-marked territory

24. Learned Behavior Some communication is both innate & learned.
Songbirds have the innate ability to sing; however, they learn their regional dialect.
Goldfinch Song

25. Learned Behavior Language uses symbols to represent ideas.
Requires complex nervous system, memory and insight.
Humans can benefit from using knowledge gained by others.