1. Chapter 1

2. Biodiversity The variety of life in an area
Biosphere
Earth and every living thing on it
Fresh water, salt water, trees, deserts, etc.
Even inside of you!
Biodiversity
Increases as you go from the poles towards the equator
Warmer climates = more species
Species- specific type of organism that can only
mate successfully within it’s own species
Biomass
Any matter created by living things

3. Characteristics of all Living Things
1. All living things are made of cells
Cells – smallest unit of life
Unicellular & Multicellular
Based on a universal genetic
code

4. 2. Metabolism – use of energy
All organisms need energy, use energy, produce a waste product
3. Grow & Develop

5. 4. Response to Environment – all organisms must respond to their environment to survive
Ex: when a plant touches something it will grow towards that object

6. 5. Reproduction– organisms must have the ability to produce new organisms
This passes on their genes (DNA)

7. 6. Maintain a stable internal environment
k/a: Homeostasis
Example: Your sweat to cool your body temperature down, maintaining a stable temperature range

8. Scientific Method
Observations-seeing things and wanting an explanation
Question-define what you want to know
Research – to see if the answer is already known
Hypothesis-make a prediction as to your question
Test hypothesis-Put together an experiment & carry out
Observe & Record Data-note what happens in your experiment
Analyze & Conclude-Formulate a reason why you got the results that you got
Publish-Report your findings so that other scientists can test your results

9. A-Lab Safety B-Nature of Science: Scientific Method

10. Important Safety Symbols
Radiation: radioactive material nearby
Biohazard: organisms and other biological materials may be harmful to humans

11. Important Safety Symbols
Potentially harmful fumes
Sharp object

12. Important Safety Rules
Never smell anything directly from a test tube. Point test tube away face and gently waft gas toward nose.

13. Important Safety Rules
When in doubt, just TELL THE TEACHER!
Broken glassware or equipment
Spills
Injury
Contact with chemical on skin or in eyes
Wash your hands and clean up your lab station after the experiment.

14. Lab Safety Procedures
What steps need to be taken in the event of an accident or emergency?
Lab Safety Scenarios:
How will you respond?

15. LAB SAFTEY’S A “RAP”
Watch and Listen carefully to the following presentation. In your notebook, identify as many of the lab safety concepts as you can.

16. Lab Safety Activity

17. LAB SAFETY ACTIVITY
List 3 unsafe activities shown in the illustration and explain why each is unsafe.
List 3 correct lab procedures depicted in the illustration.
What should Bob do after the accident?
What should Sue have done to avoid an accident?
Compare Luke and Duke’s lab techniques. Who is following the rules?
What are 3 things shown in the lab that should not be there?
Compare Joe and Carl’s lab techniques. Who is doing it the correct way?
What will happen to Ray and Tim when the teacher catches them?
List 3 items in the illustration that are there for the safety of the students in the lab.
What is Betty doing wrong?

18. Lab Equipment Graduated Cylinder
Used to measure precise volumes of a liquid.
To correctly measure volume, look at the bottom of the curved line called the meniscus.
Make sure you are reading it at eye level!
How many mL are in this graduated cylinder?
Answer: 43.5

19. Lab Equipment
Triple Beam Balance
Measures the mass of objects

20. Lab Equipment Beaker Flask
Both can be used for stirring, mixing, measuring and heating liquids

21. Lab Equipment Pipette Bunsen burner
Used for transferring liquids and/or measuring small amounts of liquids (a few mL).
Used for heating.

22. Lab Safety Equipment

23. What is Biology. What do Biologist do
What is Biology??? What do Biologist do? What are the characteristics of living things?

24. Why Study Biology? Two important reasons for studying Biology:
Biology is relevant to our everyday experience
Medical advances
Addressing needs of growing human population
Challenges of decreasing rate of biodiversity
Biotechnology advances

25. Why Study Biology? Biology can be controversial Examples:
Dealing with endangered species?
Use of human fetal tissue in biomedical research?
Safety of irradiated foods?
Figure 1-1c

26. What is Biology? It is the study of life. Branch of science
A way of understanding nature.
A human endeavor
An attempt to understand, explain, integrate and describe the world of living things.

27. What is Life? Living organisms: Highly organized and complex.
Are composed of one or more cells.
Contain a blueprint of their characteristics.
Acquire and use energy.
Carry out and control numerous reactions.

28. What is Life? Living organisms: Grow.
Maintain constant internal environment.
Produce offspring.
Respond to environmental changes.
May evolve.
Insert F01_03b

29. Properties of Life Living organisms: are composed of cells
are complex and ordered
respond to their environment
can grow and reproduce
obtain and use energy
maintain internal balance
allow for evolutionary adaptation

30. Levels of Organization
Organismal Level
organism
organ systems
organs
tissues

31. Levels of Organization
Population Level
ecosystem
community
species
population

32. Levels of Organization
Each level of organization builds on the level below it but often demonstrates new features.

33. Major Themes in Biology
Evolution by Natural Selection
Inheritance
Cells
Biological Classification
Bioenergetics
Homeostasis
Ecosystems

34. Introduction to Science: The Scientific Method

35. The Nature of Science
Unit 1

36. The Nature of Science Scientia – Latin for knowledge
Science studies the natural world.
There is no single method of performing science

37. The goal of science is to investigate and understand nature, to explain events in nature, and to use those explanations to make useful predictions about nature...

38. What is Science?
The knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be verified or tested.

40. Scientific Method- a process that is used to gather evidence that leads to understanding a particular topic

41. Scientific Method: Listing the Steps
Ask Question
Do Background
Research
Construct
Hypothesis
Test with an
Experiment
Analyze Results
Draw Conclusion
Think!
Try Again
Report Results
Hypothesis is True
Hypothesis is False
or Partially True
Make an Observation
Define the Problem
Research the Problem
State the Hypothesis
Experiment to test Hypothesis
Collect and Record Data
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions
Determine Limitations
Report Results

43. Every Experiment must have…
Hypothesis- an educated guess based on prior knowledge; can be tested by experimentation
Independent Variable- the one variable being tested, changed, and manipulated by the scientist (There is only ONE Independent Variable per experiment.)
*goes on x-axis when graphing
Dependent Variable- the variable that changes in response to the independent variable (usually it is what you are measuring/collecting data on)
*goes on y-axis when graphing

44. Hints to remember IV vs DV
__________ depends on ____________
(DV) (IV)
Ex: Question- How does fertilizer effect plant growth?
Hypothesis- If the plant receives more fertilizer
than it will grow more.
_Growth_ depends on Amount of fertilizer

45. Independent Variable
Example: Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.
What is the independent variable?
Light—the scientist purposely changes the amount of light available to the plants.

46. Dependent Variable
Example: Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.
What is the dependent variable?
Plant growth—the scientist will observe and measure how much the plants grow as a result of the light and dark conditions

47. Control Group- must have one group/trial in the experiment that lacks the independent variable – used to compare to
Experimental Group(s)- the groups/trials that contain the independent variable
Controlled Variables- things that need to stay constant throughout the experiment
all variables except independent variable

48. Setting up an Experiment: Control Group
Example: Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.
What is the experimental group?
The plants in the dark closet.
Why? Photosynthetic plants are not normally found in completely dark environments. The scientist wants to see how this change will affect this group of plants.

49. Controlled Variables (Constants)
Example: Six bean plants are to be tested to see what happens if light is taken away. The all have the same type of container, the same amount of soil, and they will receive the same amount of water. Three will be placed in a sunlit window and 3 will be placed in a dark closet for 2 weeks.
What are the constants?
Same container, amount of soil, amount of water
In a controlled experiment, you must keep everything the same except one variable!

50. Identify the Variables
A study was done to see if leaves added to soil had an effect on tomato production. Tomato plants were grown in four large tubs. Each tub had the same kind and amount of soil. One tub had 15 kg of rotted leaves mixed in the soil and the second had 10 kg. A third tub had 5 kg and the fourth had no leaves added. Each tub was kept in the sun and watered the same amount. The number of kilograms of tomatoes produced in each tub was recorded.
What is the control group?
What is the experimental group?
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Control variables:
Tub with no added leaves.
All tubs with added leaves.
Different kg of leaves added to each tub
Kg of tomatoes produced
Same size tub, same type and amount of soil, same amount of sunlight and water

51. What is the control group? What is the experimental group?
Bart believes that mice exposed to microwaves will become extra strong. He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave for 10 seconds. He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food. He found that 8 out of 10 of the microwaved mice were able to push the block away. 7 out of 10 of the non-microwaved mice were able to do the same. He recorded how many mice could push the block away.
What is the control group?
What is the experimental group?
Independent variable:
Dependent variable:
Control variables:
10 non-microwaved mice
10 microwaved mice
Microwave
Number of mice that can push the block
Number of mice kept same between groups, same block of wood

52. Theory vs. Law
Theory – an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time. Supported by evidence and enables scientist to make accurate predictions.
Law – describes relationships under certain conditions in nature. Does not explain why an event occurs, just describes the relationship.

53. Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

55. Graphs help us visualize numerical data.
Graphing in Science
Graphs help us visualize numerical data.
There are 3 different types of graphs:
Bar graphs
Pie graphs
Line graphs

56. How can you gather data? Make Observations. Qualitative Observations
Any use of the senses to gather information.
Qualitative Observations
Anything that you see, smell, touch, taste, or hear.
Ex. Blue, bitter, fizzing sound.
Quantitative Observations
Any observation that can be measured.
Must include a number.
Ex. 5 centimeters long

57. How can you analyze results to determine patterns?
Record Data
Write observations and measurements
Be consistent when you are checking your experiments and recording the results
Create tables or charts (Data Tables and Pie Charts)
Create graphs from collected Data (Line Graphs, Bar Graphs)
Complete all necessary mathematical calculations

58. Bar Graph A bar graph is used to show relationships between groups.
The two items being compared do not need to affect each other.
It's a fast way to show big differences. Notice how easy it is to read a bar graph.
Question: On what day was the most chocolate milk sold?
Answer: Wednesday

59. Circle Graph or Pie Graph
A circle graph is used to show how a part of something relates to the whole.
This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.
Question: Which day was the least chocolate milk sold?
Answer: Thursday

60. Line Graph A line graph is used to show change over time.
It's clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls a line graph shows.

61. Line Graph Question:On which day was there a drop in milk sales?
Answer: Thursday

62. Graphing Experimental Results
Identify the Variables
Number and label each axis
Plot the points
Draw the graph
Give your graph a title

63. Graphing Experimental Results: Identify the Variables

64. How can you draw conclusions?
Answer the following questions in paragraph form (Always explain in detail using scientific vocabulary.):
Do your results/data support your hypothesis? Why or why not?
What are ways you can improve your data?
What would you do differently if you were to repeat the experiment?

65. What is in a conclusion? You restate the purpose of your experiment
You indicate what the results were. Use numbers!!!!! Example: “On average after 3 trials, …….”
You explain why those results were given. Here you think about what you found out in your research.
You consider any improvements to your procedure. This is error analysis.
You ask a new question – what do you want to do next?

66. How would you communicate results?
Share data and information with others, such as scientists.
Publish your findings in a book, magazine, journal, the internet.

67. There is not one standard scientific method, however there is a generally agreed upon model that describes how science operates.
State the problem/question/observation
Research the problem
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis (experiment)
Record and analyze data
State the conclusion (publish)
Repeat the work to validate

68. The Big Picture!

69. Exit Ticket 8/28
Think: Individually, identify the following statements as “Theory” or “Law.”
A hypothesis that is supported by experimental results, many times.
It cannot be explained why the relationship exists.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
When blowing a bubble into the air, a force acts upon it, causing it to fall to the floor.
The event is justified by evidence and an explanation.