Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
Theory: personality comes from stable patterns known as temperaments, traits, and types Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psychodynamic Theories
Psychoanalysis– Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders (see the graphic below) Uses free association: exploring the unconscious by saying whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing Let’s do handout 10-3 to see where you stand on psychoanalytic theory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psychoanalytic theory
human behavior is largely determined by innate and irrational drives that are unconscious attempts to bring those drives into awareness meet psychological resistance in the form of defense mechanisms; beside temperament, development is determined by events in early childhood; conflicts between consciousness and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neuroses (anxiety) and depression liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved through bringing this material into the consciousness (via skilled guidance—a psychoanalyst). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious – (a.k.a. subconscious) mental process of which we are not aware, but which stores repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Freud’s Model of the Mind
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What would they say? “Here I am at the mall. I’m starving and I’m out of money, and those hot pretzels smell so good! What would the id say? What would the superego say? What would the ego say? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psychosexual stages – Instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life Oral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage Latency Genital Stage Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psychosexual stages Oral stage: (1st year) overcoming dependency on putting things in your mouth Anal stage: (1-3 years) overcoming stimulation from—and learning to control –excretion Phallic stage: (3-6 years) overcoming erotic attraction to parents and desire to stimulate genitals Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Resolving the Oedipus complex – An unconscious process in which boys displace an attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and identify with their fathers (Electra complex for girls) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Psychosexual stages part 2
Latency period: (6 years until puberty) learning modesty and shame in repressing sexual urges Genital stage: (puberty and adulthood) mature sexual relationships In your notes, align these stages with the stages we learned in the last chapter. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Ego Defense Mechanisms
Repression – excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Denial – failure to acknowledge an unacceptable truth or emotion -alcoholics—”I can stop any time I want”—first step in AA is admitting you have a problem (overcoming denial) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal unconscious – Basically, Freud’s id Collective unconscious – Jung’s instinctive “memories,” including archetypes, which exist in all people Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

If you thought Freud was weird…
Check this out! Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Jung’s principle of opposites: each personality is a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion Gave rise to the Myers-Briggs test, which is often used for career guidance Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Neurosis – A functional disorder involving distress but no delusions or hallucinations. Behavior is within socially acceptable norms (called anxiety now) She emphasized social, not sexual, tensions form personality. De-emphasized Freud’s masculine view of psychology (e.g. penis envy). Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Alfred Adler: An early split from Psychoanalysis
Inferiority complex – An unconscious feeling of inferiority, with its roots in childhood Compensation – Making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies; can lead to overcompensation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Modern applications of the unconscious
False consensus effect: we believe everyone feels and behaves the way we do. Terror-management theory: reminders of death provoke defense mechanisms such as elevating ourselves and our views over others. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Humanistic Theories focus on one’s potential and emphasize growth and self-actualization. People are innately good; problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Humanistic Theories include Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing personality Carl Roger’s fully functioning person Gordon Allport’s trait theory Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
Self-actualizing personalities – Healthy people who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Maslow’s self-actualization
Characteristics of self-actualizers: 1. They can tolerate uncertainty; 2. Accept themselves and others for what they are; 3. Spontaneous in thought and action; 4. Problem-centered (not self-centered); 5. Unusual sense of humor; 6. Able to look at life objectively; 7. Highly creative; 8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely unconventional; 9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity; 10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-experience; 11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people; 12. Need for privacy; 13. Democratic attitudes; 14. Strong moral/ethical standards. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Maslow’s self-actualization
Behavior leading to self-actualization: (a) Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption and concentration; (b) Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths (c) Listening to your own feelings instead of the voice of tradition, authority or the majority; (d) Avoiding pretense ('game playing') and being honest; (e) Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do not coincide with those of the majority; (f) Taking responsibility and working hard; (g) Trying to identify your defenses and having the courage to give them up. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Take a moment… Draw a T-chart. On the left, take 90 seconds write adjectives or phrases that describe you. Then, on the right, take 90 seconds to describe your ideal self - who you would like to be. Are they congruent? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Fully functioning person – a self-actualizing person with a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with expectations Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Unconditional positive regard – Care without conditions attached; necessary to be fully functioning; therapist should provide this Self-concept: a central feature of personality; your answer to the question “Who am I?” Humanistic theories emphasize positive self-concept, unlike psychodynamic theories. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology – focuses on the desirable aspects of life, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology Dan Gilbert on the science of happiness Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Forces Shape Our Personalities?
Do we have one personality? What is that part of us that does NOT change over time? Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What Patterns are Found in Personality?
Humors – Four bodily fluids that, according to ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance Blood Phlegm Black Bile Yellow Bile Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Two Jungian opposites Introversion – turning attention inward, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert Extraversion – turning attention outward, toward others, making the exravert more sociable Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

What do the Jungian types mean?
How we perceive the world Sensing (details) vs. Intuitive (big picture) How we make decisions Thinking vs. feeling How we live life Judging (organized) vs. Perceiving (spontaneous) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Big 5 explanations Openness to experience – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. Openness reflects the degree of intellectual curiosity, creativity and a preference for novelty and variety. Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy-going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior; organized, and dependable. Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, assertiveness, sociability and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others, and talkativeness. Agreeableness – A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). The tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Assessing Traits NEO-PI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) 16PF Questionnaire These tests have reliability and validity MMPI is an empirically derived test; questions are selected based on their ability to differentiate between groups Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Implicit Personality Theories
Primacy effect: information we learn 1st about a person we weigh more heavily Observer traits: the more observers exhibit a trait, the more they notice it in the observed Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Traits Social-cognitive perspective: traits and social influences interact to affect behavior Is personality inherent, or is it influenced by the social situation? Let’s do Handout 10-8 to test this. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Social Learning and Personality
Behavioral Theory: Personality arises from learned behavior Observational learning –(Bandura) learning new responses by watching the behavior of others Reciprocal determinism – thoughts, behavior and environment mutually influence each other (duh) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Self Spotlight effect: presuming a “spotlight” continually shines on us Self-esteem: self worth Self-efficacy: sense of competence and effectiveness Self-serving bias: e.g. we see ourselves as “better than average” Narcissism: self-serving bias run amok Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

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