1. The Roaring 20s
Chapters 31 & 32

2. The Roaring 20s: Postwar Trends
Nationalistic Fervor
“Guns to Butter” – Economic transition/inflation/unemployment
Labor unrest/strikes
“Red Scare” – fear of Communism
Conservative “Old Guard” resurgence
Increased standard of living for many
“Boom to Bust”

3. Major Themes of the 1920s Labor Unrest Literature & Art Racial Unrest
Lost Generation
Harlem Renaissance
Social Conflicts
Art Deco, etc.
Prosperity & Consumerism
The Politics of “Normalcy”
The Jazz Age
Return to Isolationism

4. Labor Unrest Postwar recession & inflation = “Guns to Butter”
IWW, socialism, and the Red Scare
Several strikes, incl. Boston Police & Seattle General strike
Organized Communist groups
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and the “Palmer Raids”
Anti-radical division of the Justice Dept. led by J. Edgar Hoover
Evolved into the FBI
“Palmer Raids” -> S. S. Buford (“Soviet Ark”) 249 deported
May Day Scare
Sacco & Vanzetti Trial (1921) & execution (1927)
Farmer’s Frustration over twice vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill

5. Racial Unrest Resurgence of Xenophobia Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan
Immigration restrictions
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (3% of those here in 1910)
Immigration Act of 1924 (reduced to 2% of those here in 1890)
Resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan
Anti-foreign, ant-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti- Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti- gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control.
Millions joined, especially in the “Bible Belt” and Midwest.
United Negro Improvement Association – Marcus Garvey
“Back to Africa” movement, Black Star Lines . . .

6. Social Conflicts Prohibition: 18th Amendment enforced by Volstead Act
Bootlegging, “speakeasies” & Gangsterism
“Scarface” Al Capone (Chicago) and others
Fundamentalists vs. Evolutionists
Scopes “Monkey Trial”
Clarence Darrow vs. Wm. Jennings Bryan
Birth Control (Margaret Sanger)
She actually advocated it to curb immigrant population growth

7. Prosperity & Consumerism
Rapid expansion of economy (war & lower taxes)
Growing middle class – love of consumer goods
Automobile, appliances, etc. (Airplanes, Charles Lindbergh)
Sports = big business (Babe Ruth = first “superstar”)
Boom of Advertising (Ex. Bruce Barton)
Radio (1st station – KDKA Pittsburgh)
Automobile (Esp. Ford’s Model “T”) – (rubber, gasoline/oil, etc.)
Changed society ->urban sprawl, “Badge of freedom & equality” for many including women and youth

8. The Jazz Age The “Flaming Youth” - Motion Pictures/Hollywood
“Flappers,” Modernists, Freudians, etc.
Motion Pictures/Hollywood
The Great Train Robbery, 1903 (nickelodeons)
Birth of a Nation, 1915
The Jazz Singer, 1927 (1st “talkie”)
Jazz Music
King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, many more . . .
New Pastimes:
games, contests, “dating,” joyrides, . . .
New dances like the “Charleston”

9. Literature & Art
The “Lost Generation” (Those who came of age during the Great War)
F. Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby, This Side of Paradise, )
Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, )
Sinclair Lewis (Main Street, Babbitt, )
William Faulkner (The Sound and the Fury, As I lay Dying, )
Others include; H. L. Mencken, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, . . .
Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay, Apollo Theater . . .
Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright epitomized the new, unique style such as Empire State

10. Politics of “Normalcy”
Return of “Old Guard” Republicans
President Warren G. Harding ( )
promised “less government in business, and more business in government.”
Appointed 4 of 9 Supreme Ct. Justices who axed many progressive programs
Sec. of Treasury Andrew Melon “Supply-side economics” lowered taxes /spending
The “Ohio Gang” and scandals – Tea Pot Dome, Forbes – Veterans Bureau, others
Died of heart attack
“Silent” Calvin Coolidge ( )
The very popular “puritan” president
“The business of America is business.”
Twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen Bill the would have allowed the government to buy excessive farm product to avoid devastatingly low prices

11. Isolationism
Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 significantly raised rates
Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
Four-Powers Treaty (U. S., G. B., France, Japan)
Five-Powers Treaty (added Italy)
Nine-Powers Treaty (To protect China)
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 (“Outlawed” war – signed by 62 nations)
Exceptions to isolation
Interventions in Dominican Republic, Haiti, Nicaragua, Mexico
The Dawes Plan of 1924 (U. S. Banks loaned Germany money to pay Britain and France so they could pay war debts to U. S. Govt.