1. Chapter 12 – Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation
To what extent should the United States have become involved in world affairs in the early 1800s?

2. 12.2 – President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy
When Washington took office:
No army
Money
Fear for liberty
Threats
British
Spanish
French

3. Neutrality policy Farewell address
The US would do nothing to aid either France or Britain in their war against each other
Farewell address
“It is our true policy,” he declared, “to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.”

4. Isolationism Agree or disagree?
A policy of avoiding political or military agreements with other countries
Agree or disagree?

6. 12.3 Dilemma 1: What Should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships?
Adams tried to follow Washington’s example of neutrality and isolationism.
France made that difficult
The Jay Treaty
Britain stayed in the Ohio Valley
France hoped we’d fight them!!
Washington sent John Jay to negotiate, and the British agreed to leave.
France got mad, and started attacking & seizing American merchant ships heading for England

7. XYZ Affair
President Adams representatives to France to stop the attacks.
They met secret agents named X, Y, and Z
These men demanded money before any talks would begin
Americans were OUTRAGED
Undeclared war declared against France!
Warships and privateers captured more than 80 armed French vessels
Adams became popular!

8. 12.4 – What Happened: Adams Pursues Peace
War was popular, but Adams knew it was not good for the country.
He sent a peace mission to France, which outraged the Federalist leaders
Adams stayed true
When the peace mission arrived, there was a new man in charge

9. Napoleon Bonaparte

10. Napoleon was eager to end the fighting with Britain and America
He ended the seizing of American ships & released captured American sailors
Napoleon also agreed to end France’s 1778 alliance with the United States
In exchange, we did not charge them for the ships they stole
Adams considered this a small price to pay for peace

11. Adams chose the olive branch

12. This cost him his popularity, his party support, and his reelection
Adams would only watch the Federalist party diminish in the next few years
Adams regretted nothing. He left the nation at peace, and (as Washington suggested) made no permanent alliances.
We should be proud of him! 

14. 12.5 – Dilemma 2: How Should President Jefferson Deal with Pirates?
France & Britain at war again in 1803
American ships seized again
Jefferson complained, “England has become a den of pirates and France has become a den of thieves.”
Like Washington and Adams, he tried for neutrality

15. Impressment
On top of stealing ships, Britain “impressed” (kidnapped) American sailors, forcing them to serve in the British navy
British claimed they were deserters
In 1807, the American ship the Chesapeake was stopped, but refused to allow the British to search for deserters.
They were fired upon, killing or wounding 21 American sailors

16. Piracy

17. Both Washington and Adams paid tribute (a fee) for safe passage.
Pirates from the Barbary States of North Africa preyed on merchant ships in the Mediterranean Sea.
Both Washington and Adams paid tribute (a fee) for safe passage.
$2 million by the time Jefferson became president
And they wanted more!!
The ruler of Tripoli declared war
Which was worse: paying tribute or war?

18. 12.6 – What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Problem
Jefferson chose both??

19. 12.6 – What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Problem
Jefferson hated paying tribute more than war
Problem w/ England & France
– American ships captured
1807 embargo
No foreign ships could come to America
No American ships could go abroad
55,000 jobs lost and ships rotted
1809 – Congress repealed the embargo
Ships attacked once more

20. Problem w/ pirates
1802 – sent a small fleet of warships to the Mediterranean to protect American ships
1815 – American and European forces defeated the pirate bases

22. 12.7 – Dilemma 3: What Should President Madison Do to Protect Sailors and Settlers?
When Madison took office, he tried a new deal with Britain and France:
Stop attacking American ships, and the US will stop trading with your enemy.
Napoleon took the deal, Madison cut off trade with Britain
France still kept taking ships, secretly
The British kept taking ships and “impressing” sailors

23. War? No other choice. New England knew it meant a blockade
They’d rather just take their chances
The South & west favored war
The blockade wouldn’t hurt them as much
They were annoyed by the “impressing”
The British were encouraging issues with the Native Americans
Maybe we could get Canada???

24. 12.8 – What Happened: Madison Launches the War of 1812
Madison chose: the arrows!!!

25. Congress declared war in 1812
7,000 poorly trained men and 16 ships
We’re totally going to win…?
Battles on Land and Sea
It was rough for both sides
In 1814, the British defeated the French, so they could send more troops to fight.
No Canada for us 

26. In August 1814, Washington D. C. was attacked
In August 1814, Washington D.C. was attacked. The Capitol and White House were burned
In September, Baltimore was attacked. Francis Scott Key watched Fort McHenry’s bombardment, and was so overjoyed to see the flag the next morning, he wrote a poem.
Now put to music, it is our national anthem “The Star-Spangled Banner”

27. The Battle of New Orleans
In January 1815, General Andrew Jackson and his army faced 7,500 British troops, and neither side held back.
2,000 British troops were killed or wounded in this battle; compared to only 20 Americans 
However, it was unnecessary because in December 1814, a peace treated had ended the war.

28. Results of the War Both sides claimed victory! Both sides lost?
The treaty solved nothing???
Native Americans who fought with the British were driven out of the Ohio Valley
National pride surged
The Federalist Party’s reputation was damaged because they opposed the war – it would never recover

29. Guest Speaker: author John Green!

31. The War of 1812 was over when James Monroe took office.
12.9 – Dilemma 4: What Should President Monroe Do to Support the New Latin American Nations?
The War of 1812 was over when James Monroe took office.
He preferred isolationism.
Latin American’s Revolutions
Spanish colonies (Mexico to South America) were revolting against Spain.

32. The New Latin American Nations
Americans were excited by the revolutions
Yay, freedom for others!
Britain also voiced their support
Yay, more trade options!
Other nations didn’t like it, so Britain asked for our help to support the Latin American Revolution
Monroe asked former presidents Jefferson and Madison for advice.
To help or not?

33. 12.10 – What Happened: The U.S. Issues the Monroe Doctrine
Monroe chose: um…

34. The Monroe Doctrine policy issued
Jefferson and Madison liked the idea of joining Britain to send a warning
His secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, agreed
The Monroe Doctrine policy issued
North and South America were no longer open for future colonization from Europe
This angered Europe
Americans LOVED it!
We are now a strong confident nation!

35. END