1. Chapter 2 Section 2: Models of Earth
Key Concepts
Globe
Scale
How do maps and globes represent Earth’s surface?
Symbol
Key
What reference lines are used to locate points on Earth?
Degree
Equator
Hemisphere
What are three common map projections?
Prime meridian
Latitude
Longitude
Key Terms
Map projection
Map

2. A whole lotta vocab in this section
Yes, you need to know all the key terms.
If you already know them, great, if not, now’s a good time to learn!
For this section, let’s have our books out to make reviewing easier.

3. Maps and Globes
Maps and globes are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent topography and other features on Earth’s surface
Map – a flat model of all or part of Earth’s surface as seen from above
Globe – a sphere that represents Earth’s entire surface
Scale – a map’s scale relates distance on a map to a distance on Earth’s surface (how big stuff on the map is in reality)

4. Symbols (in reference to maps) – representations of physical features, like lakes or rivers, or of man-made features, like airports
Key (in reference to maps) – or legend, a list of all symbols used on the map with an explanation of their meanings

5. An Earth Reference System
Scientists use a grid to measure distances around the earth. Two of the lines, the equator and the prime meridian, are the baselines for measuring distances on Earth’s surface.
Equator – halfway between North and South poles, an imaginary line that circles the earth. It divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Prime meridian – another imaginary line that makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole. It passes through Greenwich, England, and divides the earth into Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Hemisphere – one half of the sphere.

6. Degrees Measuring in degrees This will make more sense in a minute 
Degrees are used to measure the distance around a circle.
1 degree is 1/360 of the distance around a circle
Degrees can also be used to measure distances on the surface of a sphere
This will make more sense in a minute 

7. Degrees !!

8. Earth can be divided into degrees 

9. Locating Points on Earth’s Surface
Lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can be used to find locations anywhere on Earth.
Latitude – distance in degrees north or south of the equator. It is defined by the angle it makes with the equator and the center of earth. Between the equator and each pole are 90 evenly spaced, parallel lines of latitude. Each degree of latitude is about 111 km.
Longitude – distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. There are 360 lines of longitude that run north to south, meeting at the poles. Each line represents one degree of longitude. A degree of longitude equals about 111 km near the equator, but as you get closer to either pole, the distance decreases to zero km.
It is important to note how degrees of longitude and latitude are different.
Locating Points on Earth’s Surface

10. Let’s look at the world map on page 45
Do you feel comfortable finding points on a map/globe?
Do you feel comfortable discussing the difference between longitude and latitude?
2° S 79° W latitude, longitude – how do you go about finding this on a map?

11. Do you need extra practice? Let’s do a worksheet we can put in our ISN

12. Map Projections pg 47
A map projection is a frame-work of lines that helps in transferring points on Earth’s three-dimension surface onto a flat map.
Common projections: Mercator projection, equal-area projection, conic projection
Mercator Projection:
All lines of latitude and longitude appear as straight, parallel lines that form a rectangle. Size and shape becomes more distorted at the poles. In fact, the poles cannot be shown in this projection.
Equal-area projection:
Correctly shows the relative sizes of Earth’s landmasses, but has distortion near the edges of the map.
Conic Projection:
Lines of longitude appear as straight lines while lines of latitude are curved. Little distortion, usually used to show smaller parts of Earth’s surface.

13. What you should know from this section 
The key terms’ definitions
How maps work
How to locate points on Earth’s surface using latitude and longitude
The different map projections and what they look like