1. Climate/Topography of Southeastern Asia
India, China, Japan

2. INDIA
India’s climate ranges from alpine to temperate, and even to subtropical monsoon.
An alpine climate is very cold and exists in the high mountains such as the Himalayas.
Plants can grow there, but they are limited.
Few people live in alpine climates.
A temperate climate is much milder.
It is easier to grow crops and to sustain populations in temperate climates.
A monsoon is a pattern of seasonal winds that return every year.
The people of South Asia depend on such winds for their crops.
Hot, dry winds blow from the northeast of India from December to March.
Then, from June to September, monsoons blow from the southwest, brining 80% of South Asia’s yearly rains.
Since so much of the population is depended on agriculture, these summer monsoons are essential to a good growing season.
7th in size, 2nd in pop.
since it covers a vast area it is called a subcontinent

3. China China has a varied climate also.
It ranges from a subarctic climate in the north, to a tropical climate in the south.
Most of China’s population is concentrated in the east and southeast, where the climate is milder.
China, like most regions, has been influenced by geography.
Probably the most important of these geographic facts has been isolation (separation).
Chinese civilization began and grew in east Asia which was far from other centers of civilization.
High mountains (Himalayan) and wide deserts (Gobi) isolated this area from other parts of Asia.
These natural and protective barriers allowed the Chinese to develop their culture without constant interruption from the outside.

4. China also enjoyed conditions favorable for the development of a great culture as they had wide plains, fertile soil, great rivers, and coastal harbors.
Geography explains why Chinese civilization turned out to be unique (one of a kind)
It developed with only minor contacts with other major cultures, and therefore, only minor instances of cultural diffusion occurred.
Where cultural diffusion occurred, Chinese culture was diffused into Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.
China is the third largest country on earth and has the highest population.
It is in the coastal plain, river valleys, and hills of the eastern one-third of China, known as China proper, that most of China’s population is located.

5. Rivers
Chinese civilization began on the banks of one of its major rivers; the Yellow river (Huang He)
It was develop there because of the rich soil called loess.
The other river that Chinese civilization developed around was the Chang (Yangtze)
While the rivers serve as a source of life, it also brings death and destruction.
The rivers often overflow their banks, flooding large areas of the surrounding countryside.
Because of these floods, the Chinese people call the Yellow river “China’s sorrow.”

6. Japan - Effects of Climate
Climatic conditions have a major effect on population distribution, agriculture, and industrial development in Asia.
Climate conditions in Japan, for instance, vary widely geographically. In northern Japan, Sapporo has warm summers, but the winters are long, very cold, and have plenty of snowfall.
The central and western portions of Honshu have mild winters without much or any snow.
There, summers are hot and humid.
Many of Japan’s largest cities – Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka, for example, are located in this area.
Where weather is milder, the population is usually larger.

7. Topography Japan is a rugged, mountainous group of islands.
Mt. Fuji reaches 12,500 feet into the sky
The distance from coast to coast is less than 200 miles anywhere in the islands
Almost 80 percent of the land surface is mountainous
20 percent of the land is arable (good for farming)
Japan has many short and swift rivers
Because most of the rivers are navigable (able to be sailed on) for only a few miles, the streams have little importance for transportation
However, throughout Japan’s history the rivers have provided water for irrigating the rice fields and hydroelectric power.

8. There are about 3,400 islands in Japan
Japan is called the “Land of the Rising Sun.”
Japan is a part of the “Ring of Fire” which is a great chain of volcanoes lying along the west coast of the Americas and then curving down the eastern shores of Asia
There are about 3,400 islands in Japan
The main ones are called Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku

9. Overall Effects of Geography
In general, geography affects where people live, what they do there, and how they move around.
The Indo-Gangetic Plain offers an example to demonstrate this.

10. This large plain area lies between the Himalayan mountain ranges and the Deccan Plateau, within India.
Much of this area benefits from the three large rivers of South Asia: the Ganges, the Indus, and the Brahmaputra.
These rivers have their sources in the Himalayas.
These rivers and their many tributaries carry silt from the mountains that fertilizes farmlands on the plains.
These rivers also provide a reliable source of irrigation.
As a result of its steady sources of water, its fertile soil, and its long growing season, the Indo- Gangetic Plain is densely populated.
Throughout this region, farmers raise rice, wheat, and jute.

11. Transportation in the Indo-Gangetic Plain is easier than in mountain areas.
The land is relatively level, so it’s possible to build and maintain roads.
The rivers among the plains can be used for transportation, too.
In mountainous areas, travel is much more difficult. Mountain passes are important in these areas because they allow people to travel through or over mountains.
The Khyber Pass has been used for centuries, and has been the way that invading armies took over South Asia from the northwest.
Presently, the Khyber Pass connects Afghanistan to Pakistan.
India has a high population density.
It has 898 people per square mile compared to for China and 79 for the US.