1. THE NATION BREAKING APART

2. SECTIONALISM
Intense pride and loyalty toward one’s state, or region of the country rather than to the nation as a whole.
Sectionalism became greater after Industrial Revolution

3. CONTRASTS BETWEEN NORTH & SOUTH
Industrialized
More Wealth
More People
Bigger cities
Economy based on Manufacturing
Agricultural
Rural
1/3 of population slaves
Economy based on slave labor
The differences between the two regions became even greater after the Industrial Revolution

4.          
What does the blue arrow coming from South Carolina represent? Which region of the country was more economically dependent on agriculture in the mid-1800s? What two activities on this map were not part of northern economies during colonial days?

5. There were about 23 miles of RR tracks in 1830
There were about 23 miles of RR tracks in From 1840 to 1860, RR construction greatly increased. Transporting goods by canal & land was usually cheaper, however, using the RR was faster, and it was in service year round. What area of the country had the most RR mileage? Explain this relationship to seaports.

6. Slavery & Racism
Northern abolitionists believed slavery unchristian & wrong.
Many southerners agreed, but did not know how to live in racially mixed society.
Most white southerners believed whites were superior to blacks.

7. Northerners were prejudiced also.
African Americans could not:
serve on juries
hold public office
attend some churches or schools
hold better jobs
African Americans in the north lived in poverty.

8. VIDEO NOTES
Complete the Missouri Compromise notes from information presented in the video.

10. MISSOURI COMPROMISE The issue: The Compromise:
Balance of power between the “Free States” and the “Slave States” in the Senate
The Compromise:
Missouri was admitted as a slave state
Maine was admitted as a free state
Slavery was prohibited north of Missouri’s southern border
The compromise was negotiated by Henry Clay

11. MAPS 1820 TO 1850

13. COMPROMISE OF 1850 California admitted as a free state.
Mexican Cession Territory divided into territories of New Mexico and Utah & allowed to decide on slavery (popular sovereignty).
Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C.
Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law – people in the free states had to help catch and return any escaped slaves.

14. Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive Slave Law

15. Which parts of the Compromise would have favored the North? Why?
Which would favor the South? Why?
Why were southerners upset about California entering as a free state?

16. African American Population in 1850
In what states did African Americans make up more than 50% of the population? What reasons can you think of for this?

17. UNCLE TOM’S CABIN
In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
Work of fiction – told of a kind, hardworking slave, Uncle Tom, who was mistreated by his master.
It also gave an account of a slave named Eliza and her flight to freedom
Gave the country a dramatic account of life on a plantation, moving the hearts of many Northerners. It sold over 300,000 copies in the first year.
Brought the slavery issue out into the open- Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the South’s problem, but the nation’s problem. It increased abolitionist feeling.
Southerners said it gave a false impression of slavery.

18. To what destinations besides the northern states did slaves try to escape?
Why?
Where did most escaping slaves from Texas go?

20. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
A new law proposed by Stephen Douglas to get a transcontinental railroad through Chicago.
Needed southern votes.
Proposed:
He planned to create two new territories, Kansas & Nebraska
According to the Missouri Compromise – the territories should have been closed to slavery, but in order to gain Southern votes, S. Douglas wanted to get rid of the Missouri Compromise.
He favored popular sovereignty – the people that live in the territory get to decide whether or not slavery should be allowed.
Caused the formation of the Republican Party.

21. Which territories were open to slavery after 1854?
Closed to slavery?
How would the balance of power in the Senate change if Western territories became slave states?

22. BLEEDING KANSAS
Both Pro-slavery & Antislavery men sent settlers to Kansas.
The Antislavery settlers were more numerous, so Pro-Slavery people from Missouri crossed the border to stuff ballot boxes.
Pro-slavery ruffians burned the Kansas town of Lawrence, Kansas.
For revenge, abolitionist John Brown hacked 5 pro- slavery men to death with a broad sword as their families watched.
Kansas remained anti-slavery territory, until when it entered the Union as a free state.

23. KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

24. The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 gave new states and territories the right to vote on whether to allow slavery.
How did the status and boundaries of the western territories change between 1850 and 1854?
How did the issue of slavery bring violence to the frontier?

25. Continued Notes on Causes of Civil War
Nation Breaking Apart
Continued Notes on Causes of Civil War

26. For Review……

27. The Dred Scott Case
A Supreme Court Case involving a slave from Missouri named Dred Scott.
Scott’s master had taken him to live in Illinois and Wisconsin Territories before returning to Missouri.
After his master died, Scott sued for his freedom based on the fact that he had lived in free territory, and therefore, was a free man.

29. The Dred Scott case looked at three separate issues…
Was Scott a U.S. citizen with a right to sue in a federal court?
Did living in a free territory make him a free person?
Was the Missouri Compromise Constitutional?

30. Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott was not a citizen & had no right to sue in a Federal Court.
Chief Justice Taney went further and said no person of African blood had the rights of citizenship under the U.S. Constitution. Even if Scott was born free, he could not sue in courts.
It did not matter where he had been taken, Scott was now in Missouri and that is what mattered.
The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. This violated a person’s right to own property, a right protected by the 5th amendment

31. John Brown’s Attack “The Kansas Raider”
He wanted to lead a slave rebellion through the South and end slavery once and for all.
Brown and 18 followers (13 white & 5 black) attacked the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
After 36 hours of fighting, they surrendered to Federal Troops, led by Robert E. Lee.
Tried for treason, found guilty, and hanged.

33. Northerners began to perceive John Brown as a martyr because he was willing to sacrifice himself for the anti-slavery cause. Could they do less?
Thoreau (civil disobedience) called Brown a “crucified hero”
South now feared slave revolts led by northern abolitionists. They could no longer trust the Northerners.

34. John Brown’s Body Popular military marching song in the Union Army
Makes Brown out to be a hero
Inspires Julia Ward Howe to write her own lyrics which become even more famous as “The Battle Hymn of the Republic”
Still a popular hymn, Howe’s version becomes the unofficial anthem of the Union during the Civil War

35. John Brown’s Body *mouldering means decaying
John Brown's body lies a-moldering in the grave
But his soul goes marching on
CHORUS:
The stars above in Heaven are looking kindly down
On the grave of old John Brown
He captured Harper's Ferry with his nineteen men so true
He frightened old Virginia till she trembled through and through
They hanged him for a traitor, they themselves the traitor crew
CHORUS:
Glory, Glory, Hallelujah
His soul goes marching on
*mouldering means decaying

36. Battle Hymn of the Republic Julia Ward Howe’s version
Battle Hymn of the Republic Julia Ward Howe’s version. She wrote these lyrics with the tune from John Brown’s Body in mind.
Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord;  He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of Wrath are stored;  He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible Swift sword;  His truth is marching on. CHORUS Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  Glory, glory! Hallelujah!  His truth is marching on.
I have seen Him in the watch fires of a hundred circling Camps;  They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and Damps;  I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring Lamps;  His day is marching on.

37. John Stuart Curry, Tragic Prelude, , John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas. A mural in the Kansas State Capitol, Topeka, Kansas.
1. Identify 3 symbols from the painting and what you think they represent. 2. Does this painting make Brown appear a hero or a villain?
3. Explain.

39. John Brown’s capture after his 1859 raid at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, ended his plans to free the slaves. This 1884 painting by Thomas Hovendon shows Brown leaving the courthouse after being sentenced to death. Brown’s raid shook the nation. Why did Northerners and Southerners have such different reactions to Brown’s raid?

40. What events deepened the division between North & South?
Review……
What events deepened the division between North & South?
Dred Scott Case
Lincoln Douglas Debates
John Brown’s Raid

42. Election of 1860
Democratic party split over slavery & popular sovereignty.
Northern Democrats - S. Douglas from Illinois
Would not abandon idea of popular sovereignty
Southern Democrats – J. Breckinridge from Kentucky
The Vice President - protect slavery

43. *Since the Democratic Party was split, the Republicans knew they had a good chance of winning the election.
Their platform was based on limiting the spread of slavery.
- They chose A. Lincoln as their candidate.
4th Party - Constitutional Union Party – focused on a way to compromise and save the Union.
They nominated John Bell from Tennessee

44. Election of 1860 Results Lincoln - 180 Electoral Votes
North – main contenders were Lincoln and Douglas
South- main contenders were Bell and Breckinridge
Lincoln Electoral Votes
1,865,593 pop. votes
Douglas Electoral Votes
1,382,713 pop. votes
Breckinridge - 72 Electoral Votes
848,356 pop. votes
Bell - 39 Electoral Votes
592,906 pop. Votes
Lincoln won the race with 60% of the Northern votes without winning a single Southern state!

45. Election of 1860
Which political party and candidate would have won if the election was based on the popular vote?
Which political party received the same percentage of electoral and popular votes?

46. Election of Lincoln / Est. of the Confederacy

47. Southern States Leave Union
Southern radicals believed Lincoln would free all slaves.
After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina 1st to leave.
Justified leaving on basis of States’ Rights
During the next 8 weeks - Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, & Texas left the Union.
In Texas, Gov. Sam Houston opposed secession and he was removed from office.

48. Pathway to Secession

49. Confederate States of America Established
President - Jefferson Davis.
Constitution patterned after U.S. Constitution.
Capitol in Montgomery, then moved to Richmond, Va.
Only 1/4 of southern families owned slaves.
Most southerners were fighting for their homes, felt they had been invaded.

50. Where is Washington?

51. Northern Response Union was one and indivisible.
Felt the south was upset over loss in election.
Majority had spoken in the election of 1860.

52. Attempt at Compromise
John Crittenden proposed re-instituting the Missouri Compromise.
Lincoln opposed the plan.
Republicans refused to allow the spread of slavery.
Lincoln would not abandon Union property in southern states.
Lincoln called for calm & no show of force.

53. Crisis at Ft. Sumter Ft. Sumter needed to be re-supplied.
South Carolina demanded Federal troop withdrawal.
If Lincoln withdrew the troops, he would be recognizing the Confederacy.
If he re-supplied, he risked war.
If he did nothing the troops could starve or surrender the fort.

54. Fort Sumter
Would you resupply Ft. Sumter if you were Lincoln? Why or why not?

55. Lincoln decided to send relief.
Confederates demanded the surrender of the fort before relief could arrive.
4:30AM, April 12, the Confederate Guns opened fire on Fort Sumter.
34 hours later the Union troops surrendered - no casualties in this Confederate victory & 1st conflict of the Civil War.

56. Review…. What was the main issue in the election of 1860?
Popular sovereignty, State’s Rights, and slavery.

57. Review….. Why did Lincoln’s election cause southern states to secede?
The southern states believed the northern abolitionists would force the freeing of all slaves & this work wreck the southern economy.

58. Review…. What was Lincoln’s attitude toward seceding states?
Lincoln want calm, peaceful reasoning to bring the south back into the Union. He believed the Union must not be split.

59. Stay tuned for the Civil War…our study will start next…...

60. Sectionalism:
States’ Rights
Compromise of 1850
Uncle Tom’s Cabin:
Kansas-Nebraska Act
“Bleeding Kansas”
The Dred Scott Decision
Slavery and racism
John Brown’s Attack (on Harper’s Ferry)
The Election of 1860