1. Evolution
Chapter 7

2. The Evolution of Living Things
Chapter 7
The Evolution of Living Things
Section 1: Change over Time
Section 2: How Does Evolution Happen?
Section 3: Natural Selection in Action
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3. Change over Time Do Now! Section 1
The cockroach first appeared on Earth over 250 million years ago and is thriving today all over the world. A giant deer that was 2 m tall and had antlers up to 3.6 m wide first appeared less than 1 million years ago and became extinct around 11,000 years ago. Why do you think one animal thrived and the other one perished?
Record your answer in your science journal.
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4. Change over Time Objectives Section 1
Identify two kinds of evidence that show that organisms have evolved.
Describe one pathway through which a modern whale could have evolved from an ancient mammal.
Explain how comparing organisms can provide evidence that they have ancestors in common.
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5. Differences Among Organisms
Section 1
Change over Time
Differences Among Organisms
What Is a Species? Living things that have the same characteristics may be members of the same species. A species is a group of organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile offspring.
Do Species Change over Time? Scientists observe that species have changed over time. Evolution.- the process in which populations gradually change over time.
Adaptation: a characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
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6. Evidence of Change over Time
Section 1
Change over Time
Evidence of Change over Time
Fossils: the remains or imprints of once-living organisms that are found in the layers of rock.
The Fossil Record: this is a timeline of life that scientists. have made
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7. Change over Time Evidence of Ancestry
Section 1
Change over Time
Evidence of Ancestry
Order of Life: The fossil record provides evidence about the order in which species have existed.
Drawing Connections: Scientists have named and described hundreds of thousands of living and ancient species.
Scientists use information about these species to sketch out a “ tree of life” that includes all known organisms.
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8. Tree of Life

9. Change over Time Examining Organisms Section 1
Case Study: Evolution of the Whale: Scientists think that the ancient ancestor of whales was probably a mammal that lived on land and that could run on four legs.
Walking Whales: The organisms shown on the next slide form a sequence between ancient four-legged mammals and modern whales. Several pieces of evidence indicate that these species are related by ancestry.
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10. Evidence of Whale Evolution: A
Section 1
Evidence of Whale Evolution: A
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11. Evidence of Whale Evolution: B
Section 1
Evidence of Whale Evolution: B
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12. Evolution

13. Evolution

15. Evolution
of a Whale

17. Morphed: When Whales had Legs

18. Change over Time Comparing Organisms Section 1
Comparing Skeletal Structures: When you look at the next slide, you will see that the structure and order of bones of a human arm are similar to those of the front limbs of a cat, a dolphin, and a bat.
Comparing DNA: Scientists find that species that have many traits in common do have similarities in their DNA.
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19. Comparing Skeletal Structures
Section 1
Comparing Skeletal Structures
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20. Similar Bone
Structures

21. How Does Evolution Happen?
Section 2
How Does Evolution Happen?
Do Now!
Upright walking, hair, fingerprints, binocular vision, and speech are all traits that almost all humans have in common. List the advantages and disadvantages of each trait. Do you think the advantages are greater than the disadvantages? Why or why not?
Record your responses in your science journal.
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22. How Does Evolution Happen?
Section 2
How Does Evolution Happen?
Objectives
List four sources of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution.
Describe the four parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural that gradual processes had changed the Earth’s surface over selection.
Relate genetics to evolution.
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23. How Does Evolution Happen?
Section 2
How Does Evolution Happen?
Charles Darwin
he joined a five year exploration team on a ship called the Beagle.
naturalist – a person who studies nature.
collected thousands of plant and animal samples.
Darwin’s Finches:
the finches of the Galápagos Islands were a little different from the finches in Ecuador. And the finches on each island differed from the finches on the other islands. The beak of each is adapted to the way the bird finds food.
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24. Evolution of the Bird Beak

25. How Does Evolution Happen?
Section 2
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Thinking
Ideas About Breeding: selective breeding: the process in which humans select which plants or animals to reproduce based on certain desired traits is called.
Traits: specific characteristics that can be passed from parent to offspring through genes.
Ideas About Population: Darwin realized that any species can produce many offspring. He also knew that the populations of all species are limited by starvation, disease, competition, and predation.
Only a limited number of individuals survive to reproduce and the offspring of the survivors inherit traits that help the offspring survive in their environment.
Ideas About Earth’s History: It became clear to Darwin that Earth was much older than anyone had imagined.
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26. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Section 2
How Does Evolution Happen?
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
What Is Natural Selection? Darwin proposed the theory that evolution happens through a process that he called natural selection.
This process has four parts.
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27. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.

28. The Four parts of Natural Selection
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. (Over Production)
Variations are found among individuals of a species. (Inherited Variation)
Some variations enable members of a population to survive and reproduce better than others. (Struggle to Survive)
Over time, offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more and more of a population. (Successful Reproduction)

29. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Genetics and Evolution: Today, scientists know that variation happens as a result of differences in genes.
Changes in genes may happen whenever organisms produce offspring.
Some genes make an organism more likely to survive to reproduce.
This process called selection happens when only organisms that carry these genes can survive to reproduce.

30. Four Parts of Natural Selection
Section 2
Four Parts of Natural Selection
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31. Darwin and the Galapagos Islands

32. Natural Selection in Action
Section 3
Natural Selection in Action
Do Now!
Upright walking, hair, fingerprints, binocular vision, and speech are all traits that almost all humans have in common. List the advantages and disadvantages of each trait. Do you think the advantages are greater than the disadvantages? Why or why not?
Record your responses in your science journal.
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33. Natural Selection in Action
Section 3
Natural Selection in Action
Objectives
Give three examples of natural selection in action.
Outline the process of speciation.
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34. Natural Selection in Action
Section 3
Natural Selection in Action
Changes in Populations
Adaptation to Hunting: People hunt the elephants for their tusks. As a result, fewer of the elephants that have tusks survive to reproduce, and more of the tuskless elephants survive.
Insecticide Resistance: Insecticides have been used so much that now more than 500 kinds of insects have developed resistance to certain insecticides.
Competition for Mates: Many species have so much competition for mates that interesting adaptations result. For example, the females of many bird species prefer to mate with males that have colorful feathers.
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35. Natural Selection in Action
Section 3
Natural Selection in Action
Forming a New Species
Separation: The next slide shows how a new species can form. Speciation often begins when a part of a population becomes separated from the rest.
Adaptation: Populations constantly undergo natural selection. After two groups have separated, natural selection may act on each group in different ways.
Division: Over many generations, two separated groups of a population may become very different until the point when they can no longer mate with one another.
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36. Evolution of Galápagos Finches
Section 3
Evolution of Galápagos Finches
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37. Five Fingers of Evolution

38. Sexual Selection
Sexual selection is a “special case” of natural selection. Sexual selection acts on an organism's ability to obtain (often by any means necessary!) or successfully copulate with a mate.

39. So what really is Evolution?
So what is Natural Selection?

40. Examples of Evolution and the Tree of Life

41. Evidence Supporting the Theory of Evolution

42. Lice and Evolution

43. Fossil Formation
Play the Fossil Formation Game.